firecracker-microvm/firecracker

Executive summary

firecracker-microvm/firecracker is rated At risk because critical security findings are open, most of them in the build pipeline. Its score is held back in part because we found no access checks on the code's endpoints or handlers. It scores 58 out of 100, which the At risk rating leaves unchanged.

Security and Compliance, at 34, is the weakest lens and counts most in the score. The best first step is adding access checks, worth about 16 points. Serving traffic only over an encrypted connection is another step, worth about 4 points. Raising Security and Compliance to 70 would lift the score to about 75.

Nine pipeline tools are referenced by a changeable name, so the build pipeline can be tampered with. Seven known security holes in the packages the code depends on can be used by attackers, and six settings leave the servers or containers unsafe. Pinning each tool to an exact version, updating the vulnerable packages and correcting the unsafe settings would close these risks. Limiting each secret to its own step would fix the four secrets exposed to more of the pipeline than needed, and the three unsafe steps in the pipeline need fixing where the security scanner points. The three parts of the code nobody has worked on for a long time need someone to learn and document them before anyone changes them.

The product code is 111,601 lines, about €150,000 to rebuild.

Code Health 94 ★ Exemplary Architecture 96 ★ Exemplary Maturity 78 Strong Production Readiness 73 Strong Security and Compliance 34 Weak, capped by Static Analysis (SAST), Supply-chain Provenance & Signing and Access Controls Event Sourcing 100 ★ Exemplary Performance 85 Strong

How the score is built: what each lens counts for The lenses don't count equally. The weakest lens counts most, the next weakest a little less, and so on, so a weak area pulls the score down instead of being averaged away. In the bar below, each part's width shows how much that lens counts and its colour shows its rating. Improving the widest part moves the score most, and as that lens improves, it counts for less, because another lens becomes the weakest.

Security and Compliance 34 · counts for 46%Production Readiness 73 · counts for 25%Maturity 78 · counts for 14%Performance 85 · counts for 8%Code Health 94 · counts for 4%Architecture 96 · counts for 2%Event Sourcing 100 · counts for 1%

If Security and Compliance rose from 34 to 70, the lowest score rated Strong, the score would rise from 58 to about 75.

Code composition: what the lines of code are

Product code 80%Tests 20%

New since the last survey: 21 findings

These 21 critical or serious findings weren't in the previous survey, on 11 October 2026.

God Classes · FileTooLong: device_manager/pci_mngr.rs src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs
God Classes · ClassTooLong: DeviceManager src/vmm/src/device_manager/mod.rs
God Classes · MethodTooLong: PciDevices.save src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs
God Classes · FileTooLong: src/lib.rs src/vmm/src/lib.rs
Code Duplication · Duplicated block (16–19 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/pci/bus.rs
Code Duplication · Duplicated block (11–15 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/pci/configuration.rs
Code Duplication · Duplicated block (7–10 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/pci/bus.rs
Code Duplication · Duplicated block (12 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/net/device.rs
Churn × Complexity Hotspots · Hotspot: src/vmm/src/rpc_interface.rs src/vmm/src/rpc_interface.rs
Explicit Debt · TodoComment src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/device.rs
Explicit Debt · TodoComment src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/mmio.rs
Explicit Debt · TodoComment src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/pci/device.rs
Explicit Debt · TodoComment src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/pci/device.rs
Explicit Debt · TodoComment src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/device.rs
Explicit Debt · TodoComment src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/vhost_user/device.rs
Dependency Vulnerabilities · REDACTED
Dependency Vulnerabilities · REDACTED
Dependency Vulnerabilities · REDACTED
Dependency Vulnerabilities · REDACTED
Dependency Vulnerabilities · REDACTED
Knowledge Freshness · Orphaned knowledge src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/cache_info.rs

Watchdog compares every finding with the previous survey's. A finding that has only moved to another line in the same file counts as the same finding, so only new findings appear here. Advisory notes from the AI model are left out, because the model words them afresh in every survey.

Fixed since the last survey: 6 findings

These 6 critical or serious findings were in the previous survey, on 11 October 2026, and are gone from this one.

Code Duplication · Duplicated block (21 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/iovec.rs
Code Duplication · Duplicated block (6–9 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/pci/bus.rs
Churn × Complexity Hotspots · Repeated repair: src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/vsock/unix/muxer.rs src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/vsock/unix/muxer.rs
Churn × Complexity Hotspots · Repeated repair: src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/vsock/device.rs src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/vsock/device.rs
Explicit Debt · TodoComment src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/mmio.rs
Explicit Debt · TodoComment src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/pci/device.rs

Rebuild cost: about €150,000 · Estimate

Cost to rebuild	€49,000 to €250,000, for 814 to 2,584 hours of work, about 1.0 person-years for 1 to 2 engineers
Difficulty of the problem	Standard, judged from the kind of software and how it is built. Code that solves a harder problem, such as payments or medical bookings, costs more per line to write.
Quality factor	×0.8 at a score of 58. Better code takes more work to write, so the factor is ×1.0 at a score of 70, lower below it and higher above it.
Size	Large: 111,601 lines of product code

How the estimate is made: Watchdog prices the hours a team would need to write this code again, at €60 to €95 an hour. Declarations and boilerplate are priced at a fast rate and logic at a slower one, and the logic is then multiplied by the difficulty of the problem and by the quality factor. The estimate can be about 30% off either way, and it moves most with the hourly rate and the difficulty. For this code, every line is priced as straight logic, which keeps the estimate on the low side.

Top priorities

The three actions that raise the score most for the work they take. The full ranked list is in the Roadmap.

Raises the score by about 16 points · Medium effort · Access Controls

Resolve the 1 End-of-life runtime finding(s) in Platform End-of-Life — start with rust-toolchain.toml.

Raises the score by about 2 points · Low effort · Platform End-of-Life

Secure the server's transport: serve TLS itself (`HttpServer::bind_rustls_0_23(addr, config)` in actix-web, `axum_server::bind_rustls(addr, RustlsConfig::from_pem_file(…))`, tonic's `Server::builder().tls_config(ServerTlsConfig::new().identity(…))`, Rocket's `[default.tls]`), or run it behind a TLS-terminating proxy and check `X-Forwarded-Proto`; send `Strict-Transport-Security` once it is HTTPS-only.

Raises the score by about 4 points · Medium effort · Web-Security Posture

Diagnosis: what the measurements show together

Each conclusion below combines several dimensions into one point that no single dimension shows, and lists the measurements it rests on.

Where the investment is most exposed · Value at risk

This code would cost about €150,000 to build again, about 1.0 person-years of work. Its weakest lens is Security and Compliance, at 34 (Weak). Security and Compliance is about how well the product is protected, and how it handles personal data. Because the weakest lens counts most in the score, work on Security and Compliance also moves the score most.

Based on: the rebuild estimate · the Security and Compliance grade · how much each lens counts

What to do: Start with the Security and Compliance actions in Top priorities.

If you do one thing first · First action

Protect endpoints by default-deny: a global authentication guard or middleware with explicit public opt-outs, or a guard on every route, plus named role/permission rules for what an authenticated caller may do. Of all the actions in this report, it raises the score most for the work it takes: about 16 points for medium effort. The next survey will show the change in the score.

Based on: the ranked actions in Top priorities, by score gain and effort

Architecture — module dependency graph

Project dependencies, layered top-to-bottom; arrows show direction. Any dashed red edge points upward or sideways — a layering smell or cycle. A clean layered graph has none.

Architecture: which parts of the code depend on which

The code is divided into modules, groups of code that each handle one part of the product, and a module depends on another when it uses code from it. The table lists the modules both down the side and across the top, in an order where each module should only use modules listed above it. A number in a cell means the module on that row uses the module in that column, and it counts the pairs of building blocks (types) that connect them. The one thing to look for is a mark above the diagonal line. It means two or more modules use each other in a loop (a dependency cycle), so none of them can be changed, tested or released on its own.

340 modules, with 603 dependencies between them. 4 loops run through 51 of the modules, marked above the diagonal.

The table shows the 40 modules with the most connections; 300 more are left out to keep it readable.

Which modules use which. The module on each row uses the module in each column, and the number counts the pairs of types that connect them. A cell above the diagonal is part of a loop.
uses →	1 acpi_tables.aml	2 vmm.arch.aarch64.gic.regs	3 vmm.arch.aarch64.kvm	4 vmm.cpu_config.aarch64.custom_cpu_template	6 vmm.devices.virtio.device	9 vmm.mmds.data_store	10 vmm.pci	11 vmm.snapshot.persist	12 vmm.devices.virtio.queue	13 vmm.pci.msix	14 vmm.vmm_config	15 vmm.vmm_config.machine_config	16 vmm.vstate.bus	17 vmm.vstate.resources	18 vmm.devices.acpi.vmclock	19 vmm.devices.virtio.balloon.device	20 vmm.rate_limiter	21 vmm.vstate.memory	22 vmm.arch.aarch64.vm	23 vmm.devices.virtio.block.virtio.device	25 vmm.arch.aarch64.vcpu	26 vmm.device_manager.mmio	27 vmm.devices.pci.root_port	30 vmm.devices.virtio.transport.pci.device	31 vmm.vmm_config.drive	32 vmm.vmm_config.instance_info	33 vmm.resources	34 vmm.device_manager.persist	35 vmm.device_manager.pci_mngr	36 vmm.device_manager	37 vmm.persist	38 vmm
1 acpi_tables.aml
2 vmm.arch.aarch64.gic.regs
3 vmm.arch.aarch64.kvm
4 vmm.cpu_config.aarch64.custom_cpu_template
5 vmm.cpu_config.x86_64.cpuid
6 vmm.devices.virtio.device
7 vmm.devices.virtio.mem.request
8 vmm.logger.metrics
9 vmm.mmds.data_store
10 vmm.pci
11 vmm.snapshot.persist
12 vmm.devices.virtio.queue								1
13 vmm.pci.msix							2												1
14 vmm.vmm_config					1												4
15 vmm.vmm_config.machine_config				1
16 vmm.vstate.bus	1
17 vmm.vstate.resources								1
18 vmm.devices.acpi.vmclock	1							1						1
19 vmm.devices.virtio.balloon.device					2			1	1
20 vmm.rate_limiter								2			1
21 vmm.vstate.memory												2							1
22 vmm.arch.aarch64.vm	1	1	1				1			1				1				4
23 vmm.devices.virtio.block.virtio.device					2			1	1		1					1	2								1
24 vmm.devices.virtio.net.device					2	1		1	2							1	2
25 vmm.arch.aarch64.vcpu			1										1						1
26 vmm.device_manager.mmio	1				1			2					1	1					2
27 vmm.devices.pci.root_port							3			2			1						1
28 vmm.devices.virtio.block.virtio.request									1								1			1
29 vmm.devices.virtio.pmem.device					2			1	2							2	2		3
30 vmm.devices.virtio.transport.pci.device	1				1		6			3			1						1
31 vmm.vmm_config.drive											2									3
32 vmm.vmm_config.instance_info																			1
33 vmm.resources				1		2					1	3					1	1							3	1
34 vmm.device_manager.persist						1									1				2			2					2		1
35 vmm.device_manager.pci_mngr	1				1		2	1											2				1	3			1	1
36 vmm.device_manager	1				1			1			1						1		2			2			1		1	4	1
37 vmm.persist	1											2						1	1		1					1	2			1		2
38 vmm						1					1	1				1	1									1	1			1	1
39 vmm.builder														1		1		1	1							1	1			1	1
40 vmm.rpc_interface				1								1													2	1	1					2

Uses a module listed above itPart of a loopThe module itself

At a glance — Code Health · 94% · Exemplary ·

The Good

D1 · Rust Cyclomatic Complexity 8.1 D3 · Rust God Classes 9.0 D4 · Rust Code Duplication 9.8 D17 · Rust Explicit Debt 9.9 X1 · Repo Async correctness 10.0 X12 · Repo Unreachable branch 10.0 X13 · Repo Undrained process stream 10.0 X19 · Repo Unrestored process-global state 10.0 X21 · Repo Side-effecting pattern guard 10.0 X22 · Repo Contradicted release guard 10.0 X23 · Repo Unguarded diagnostic materialisation 10.0 X25 · Repo Inert configuration knob 10.0 X26 · Repo Unsynchronised callback handoff 10.0 X27 · Repo Collection changed while being enumerated 10.0 X28 · Repo Index access outside its own emptiness guard 10.0 X29 · Repo Per-element action decided by a fixed element 10.0 X3 · Repo Exception handling 10.0 X30 · Repo Support guard that admits what it rejects 10.0

The Bad

D2 · Rust Cognitive Complexity 6.3

At a glance — Architecture · 96% · Exemplary ·

The Good

D5 · Rust Coupling 7.3 D6 · Rust Cohesion (LCOM4) 9.9 D26 · Rust Project Cohesion 8.5 D35 · Rust Change Coupling 9.8 AX10 · Repo Code composition 9.9 AX3 · Repo Project dependency cycles 10.0 AX4 · Repo Dependency direction 10.0 AX9 · Repo CQS / query purity 10.0

At a glance — Maturity · 78% · Strong ·

The Good

D15 · Rust Churn × Complexity Hotspots 10.0 D16 · Rust Bus Factor 9.3 D19 · Rust Documentation Quality 10.0 D34 · Rust Knowledge Freshness 8.2 M1 · Repo Documentation (README) 8.3 M3 · Repo Folder & project structure 10.0 M4 · Repo Documentation accuracy 10.0

The Bad

M2 · Repo Architecture documentation 5.0

The Ugly

D20 · Rust ADR Quality 0.0

At a glance — Readiness · 73% · Strong ·

The Good

D9 · Rust Test Distribution 10.0 D12 · Rust Dependency Hygiene 9.7 D13 · Rust REDACTED Scanning 10.0 D14 · Rust License Compliance 10.0 P1 · Repo CI/CD gates 10.0 P3 · Repo Security & performance tooling 8.0 P4 · Repo Deployment & Rollback 7.0 P6 · Repo Release Hygiene 10.0

The Bad

P10 · Repo Library API & versioning 6.0 P2 · Repo Observability 5.8

At a glance — Security · 34% · Weak · gated by D29, D36, C2 ·

The Good

D28 · Rust Secrets (history) 9.0 D37 · Rust Vulnerability-disclosure Policy 10.0 D43 · Rust Malicious Dependencies 10.0 X14 · Repo Bypassable address classification 10.0 X15 · Repo Unvalidated length from an untrusted reader 10.0 X17 · Repo Uncapped recursion over a caller-supplied document 10.0 X24 · Repo Document value interpolated into markup unescaped 10.0

The Bad

D31 · Rust IaC & Container Security 6.6 D44 · Rust Platform End-of-Life 6.0 S1 · Repo Web-Security Posture 6.0

The Ugly

D29 · Rust Static Analysis (SAST) 1.6 D30 · Rust Dependency Vulnerabilities 4.2 D36 · Rust Supply-chain Provenance & Signing 0.0 C2 · Repo Access Controls 0.0

At a glance — Event Sourcing · 100% · Exemplary ·

The Good

ES1 · Repo Fold determinism 10.0 ES2 · Repo Immutable events 10.0

At a glance — Performance · 85% · Strong ·

The Good

PF1 · Repo Benchmark discipline 8.5

Security & Compliance — OWASP Top-10 mapping

Findings mapped to OWASP categories; the specific CVEs/secrets are in the Security dimension cards below and findings.md (redacted only on the public version of this report).

OWASP category	Findings	Severity
A05:2025 — Injection	21	High / Critical
A02:2025 — Security Misconfiguration	21	High / Critical
A03:2025 — Software Supply Chain Failures	14	High / Critical
A07:2025 — Authentication Failures	2	High / Critical

Roadmap

First, implement a global authentication guard with explicit public opt-outs and named role rules to protect all endpoints by default. Next, enforce HTTPS-only communication by configuring TLS on the server or behind a proxy, ensuring the Strict-Transport-Security header is sent. Then, update the rust-toolchain.toml to resolve the platform end-of-life issue and address the four high-severity dependency vulnerabilities by updating REDACTED. Finally, create Architecture Decision Records to document key technical choices and improve long-term maintainability.

Ranked by impact ÷ effort. "Helps" is the estimated gain on the 0–100 health score.

Do this	Helps	Effort	Dimension
Protect endpoints by default-deny: a global authentication guard or middleware with explicit public opt-outs, or a guard on every route, plus named role/permission rules for what an authenticated caller may do.	+16.3 pts	Medium	Access Controls
Resolve the 1 End-of-life runtime finding(s) in Platform End-of-Life — start with rust-toolchain.toml.	+2.3 pts	Low	Platform End-of-Life
Secure the server's transport: serve TLS itself (`HttpServer::bind_rustls_0_23(addr, config)` in actix-web, `axum_server::bind_rustls(addr, RustlsConfig::from_pem_file(…))`, tonic's `Server::builder().tls_config(ServerTlsConfig::new().identity(…))`, Rocket's `[default.tls]`), or run it behind a TLS-terminating proxy and check `X-Forwarded-Proto`; send `Strict-Transport-Security` once it is HTTPS-only.	+4.4 pts	Medium	Web-Security Posture
Resolve the 1 No ADRs found finding(s) in ADR Quality.	+1.8 pts	Low	ADR Quality
Resolve the 4 High CVE finding(s) in Dependency Vulnerabilities — start with REDACTED (4).	+1.7 pts	Low	Dependency Vulnerabilities
Resolve the 4 REDACTED finding(s) in Static Analysis (SAST) — start with REDACTED, REDACTED, REDACTED.	+1.6 pts	Low	Static Analysis (SAST)
Resolve the 3 REDACTED finding(s) in Static Analysis (SAST) — start with REDACTED (3).	+1.2 pts	Low	Static Analysis (SAST)
Resolve the 1 REDACTED finding(s) in Secrets (history) — start with REDACTED.	+1.1 pts	Low	Secrets (history)

File quality

Per-file score 0–10 — a quality signature. Of 96 files carrying findings, judged against the Production bar: 2% slop · 60% mixed · 38% near-clean.

File	Score	Band	Worst signal
REDACTED	0.0	Slop	IaC & Container Security: High IaC: REDACTED
REDACTED	2.3	Slop	Dependency Vulnerabilities: Critical CVE: REDACTED
REDACTED	4.6	Mixed	Static Analysis (SAST): High: REDACTED
REDACTED	5.1	Mixed	Static Analysis (SAST): High: REDACTED
REDACTED	5.1	Mixed	Static Analysis (SAST): High: REDACTED
REDACTED	5.8	Mixed	Static Analysis (SAST): High: REDACTED
REDACTED	5.8	Mixed	Static Analysis (SAST): High: REDACTED
REDACTED	5.8	Mixed	Static Analysis (SAST): High: REDACTED
src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/connection.rs	6.0	Mixed	Explicit Debt: TodoComment
src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/mmio.rs	6.0	Mixed	Explicit Debt: TodoComment
src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/endpoint.rs	6.0	Mixed	Explicit Debt: TodoComment
src/seccompiler/src/lib.rs	6.0	Mixed	Explicit Debt: TodoComment
src/vmm/src/vstate/memory.rs	6.0	Mixed	Explicit Debt: TodoComment
src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/vsock/unix/muxer.rs	6.0	Mixed	Explicit Debt: TodoComment
src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/handler.rs	6.0	Mixed	Explicit Debt: TodoComment
src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/device.rs	6.0	Mixed	Explicit Debt: TodoComment
src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/pci/device.rs	6.0	Mixed	Explicit Debt: TodoComment
src/vmm/src/rpc_interface.rs	6.0	Mixed	Explicit Debt: TodoComment
src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/tcp.rs	6.0	Mixed	Explicit Debt: TodoComment
src/vmm/src/resources.rs	6.3	Mixed	Cyclomatic Complexity: VmResources::from_json (cyclomatic 16)

How the grades work

Every finding carries one of four grades. Three say how serious it is. The fourth says this survey could not settle it — and it is a grade, not a gap.

Critical — 36

A definite problem that already costs you something and drags the score down: a missing authorisation check, a dependency with a known exploit, a build that does not reproduce. Failure here tends to cause failures elsewhere.

Serious — 214

Likely wrong, but not failing yet. It degrades the codebase over a longer horizon and can cause failures elsewhere — not urgent this week, not something to carry for two years either.

Minor — 68

Recorded, with no effect on how the codebase functions. Present so the survey is complete, not because it needs doing.

Could not be resolved — 14

Something this survey could not settle from the outside, and which could be critical or serious. Either a control was required and no positive evidence of it exists in the repository — a backup job that nothing shows was ever restored from proves nothing about restores — or our own analysis could not run over that part of the tree. This is not a clean result. These are excluded from the score rather than awarded a pass, so the number on the cover neither rewards nor penalises them: if you act on this survey without resolving them, you carry that risk yourself. Each one is named under Limitations.

Methodology & how to trust this report

Watchdog is a deep, periodic assessment — run each sprint, monthly, or quarterly, taking the time to go wider and deeper than a quick check and surfacing in one coherent report what you'd otherwise piece together from a dozen separate tools. It scores deterministically: the same commit yields the same score, every run. 63 of 63 evaluated dimensions are computed purely by tools and static analysis (confidence 1.0); none rely on LLM judgement. Overall confidence is 0.9 — the weighted average across measured dimensions; it falls as more of the score leans on LLM-assisted judgement and rises when it's fully tool-backed.

Every figure here is one of three kinds, and we label which: ✓ Measured — a deterministic fact (LoC, complexity, coverage); ~ Modeled — an estimate from a stated model (cost, effort, value-at-risk), always a range with its assumptions, never a precise fact; ◐ Advisory — an LLM prose judgement. We never present a modelled estimate as if it were measured. Perfect or absent scores carry their provenance too (ADR-0011): ✓ Tool-verified means the property itself was measured across the surface; ○ Nothing flagged means the probes came back clean — a claim bounded by what a repository can show; ⊘ Not evidenced means a working control (a tested restore, an automated rollback) showed no positive evidence — absence of evidence is not evidence of a control, so it's excluded from the score rather than awarded a spurious 10; ◐ Sampled · advisory marks an LLM verdict over a bounded sample — advisory, never a deterministic measurement.

What we checked — 63 dimensions across the health lenses

D1D2D3D4D5D6D9D12D13D14D15D16D17D19D20D26D28D29D30D31D34D35D36D37D43D44AX10AX3AX4AX9C2ES1ES2M1M2M3M4P1P10P2P3P4P6PF1S1X1X12X13X14X15X17X19X21X22X23X24X25X26X27X28X29X3X30

Each chip is a dimension scored from real signals across architecture, testing, dependencies, security & compliance, documentation, git-history and code quality — in one coherent pass. A surface report typically covers a handful.

How to trust any code-health report — three questions

Can you open the finding? Real findings cite a repo-relative file and line you can open at the cited line — never an absolute scratch path. Here, 289 of 318 do; the remainder are repo-wide signals — a dimension-level measurement, not a single line. (Every path in this report is repo-relative by construction: paths are normalized at the producer and the report is rejected if any rooted path leaks through.)
Is there a tool behind the number? Every score below names the method that produced it — Roslyn, git, a scanner, or (for a handful of documentation/naming dimensions) an LLM labelled sampled · advisory — not a narrative.
Does re-running give the same result? Run it again on the same commit and the score — and this report, byte for byte — is identical. A report whose numbers move between runs is describing the run, not the code.

This report answers yes to all three. That's the bar to hold any assessment to.

Tools & methods

The actual versions used this run (captured at analysis time) — re-run on the same commit for the identical score.

Method	Backs	Version	Evaluator
Roslyn static analysis	Complexity, cohesion, coupling, dead code, API surface, layering	5.3.0	✓ deterministic
Native secret scanner	Hardcoded secrets / credentials	1.0.0	✓ deterministic
Watchdog duplication detector (in-process)	Code duplication	1.0.0	✓ deterministic
Coverage (coverlet / dotnet-coverage)	Line & branch coverage	10.0.400	✓ deterministic
NuGet / dotnet	Outdated, vulnerable & deprecated dependencies	10.0.400	✓ deterministic
git / LibGit2Sharp	Churn hotspots, knowledge concentration, history	2.43.0 · 0.31.0	✓ deterministic
gitleaks · semgrep · trivy · checkov	Secrets in history, SAST, CVEs, IaC & container, PII / GDPR	1.86.0 · 0.69.3 · 3.2.533	✓ deterministic
LLM (sampled · advisory)	Documentation quality, ADR conformance, naming — sampled over a bounded sample; advisory, never a deterministic measurement	—	◐ LLM · sampled · advisory

Every finding is locatable in findings.md. Run 01a17513-d30c-7550-b4c1-148a955046e2.

The exact command behind every deep-scan dimension — tool, version, invocation and retained raw output — is in Appendix B — Reproduction & audit trail.

Run transparency — what happened this run

What ran differently this time — a tool absent, degraded, or that fell back to an estimate. Named openly, not folded silently into the scores. A degraded run also records its exact cause in diagnostics.md.

D8 Code Coverage — not measured this run — Watchdog could not measure this here. That is a gap on our side — a collector, parser or image we have not built yet — and it is neither a defect in this repository nor evidence that the check would have passed. Coverage NOT READ here — but this repository measures it: a Codecov configuration (.github/codecov.yml, target 80%) shows that coverage is collected and tracked in your own CI. The built-in collector has no runner for this ecosystem (.py, .rs), so the analyzer could not read the number — a gap in the analyzer's language coverage, not an unmeasured repo. Not scored. To have the real number read, produce a coverage report in a standard format (`coverage run -m pytest` then `coverage xml`, or lcov — `cargo install cargo-llvm-cov`, then `cargo llvm-cov --lcov --output-path lcov.info`) and commit it — a hosted scan measures a clone of the repository, so a report that exists only in a working tree, a CI runner's or your own, never reaches it; the artefact is commonly gitignored, so `git add -f` that one file (or un-ignore its path) and commit it alongside the code it measures. You can widen what we reach: optional: produce a coverage report in a standard format (`coverage run -m pytest` then `coverage xml`, or lcov — `cargo install cargo-llvm-cov`, then `cargo llvm-cov --lcov --output-path lcov.info`) and commit it — a hosted scan measures a clone of the repository, so a report that exists only in a working tree, a CI runner's or your own, never reaches it; the artefact is commonly gitignored, so `git add -f` that one file (or un-ignore its path) and commit it alongside the code it measures — then the real number is read on the next scan.
D11 Test Reliability — not measured this run — Watchdog could not measure this here. That is a gap on our side — a collector, parser or image we have not built yet — and it is neither a defect in this repository nor evidence that the check would have passed. Test source is present (.py, .rs) and this repository declares a Python test suite (2 distributions), but it was not re-run: no test result was produced. Not scored — this is a gap in the analyzer's language coverage, not a finding about this repository.
D14 License Compliance — measured, with a gap in what it reached — Watchdog measured this, but not all of it. What it did not reach is a gap on our side — a collector, parser or image we have not built yet — so the numbers on that dimension cover less than the repository, and the part left out is not evidence that it would have passed. This repository declares a Python pyproject.toml/requirements.txt (pip/uv/Poetry), but the licence verdict published here was taken over its crate dependencies. Nothing was read about its Python dependencies' licensing in either direction, and a clean score on this card must not be read as covering them.
D19 Documentation Quality — measured, with a gap in what it reached — Watchdog measured this, but not all of it. What it did not reach is a gap on our side — a collector, parser or image we have not built yet — so the numbers on that dimension cover less than the repository, and the part left out is not evidence that it would have passed. Each ecosystem's manifests (what makes a folder runnable or a published package) need their own proof before D19 judges its units. Until then those folders' READMEs are judged only as documents (boilerplate, structure), never counted as complete.
D19 Documentation Quality — measured, with a gap in what it reached — Watchdog measured this, but not all of it. What it did not reach is a gap on our side — a collector, parser or image we have not built yet — so the numbers on that dimension cover less than the repository, and the part left out is not evidence that it would have passed. This kind did not reach the 95 % precision gate in three adjudicated runs (docs/plans/deterministic-engine/adjudication/D19-sample3-v3.md), so by the pre-registered fallback it publishes no row until a re-measurement shows it does. The candidates are counted here, not reported as findings, and the score does not include them.
D21 Naming Consistency — not measured this run — Watchdog could not measure this here. That is a gap on our side — a collector, parser or image we have not built yet — and it is neither a defect in this repository nor evidence that the check would have passed. D21's deterministic naming rules are gated on C# first (docs/plans/deterministic-engine.md, P5): each other language is switched on only after its own concept suite and A/B gate pass. Until then its declarations carry no naming verdict this run — this says nothing about whether its names are consistent.
D22 Internal API Consistency — not measured this run — Watchdog could not measure this here. That is a gap on our side — a collector, parser or image we have not built yet — and it is neither a defect in this repository nor evidence that the check would have passed. D22's deterministic call-shape rules are gated on C# first (docs/plans/deterministic-engine.md, P5): each other language is switched on only after its own concept suite and A/B gate pass. This says nothing about whether that surface is consistent.
D24 Comment Value — not measured this run — Watchdog could not measure this here. That is a gap on our side — a collector, parser or image we have not built yet — and it is neither a defect in this repository nor evidence that the check would have passed. This check's reader does not cover the language this repository's product is written in, so it had nothing of the product to read. That is a gap in this analyzer's language reach — not a finding about this repository.
D27 Navigability — not measured this run — Watchdog could not measure this here. That is a gap on our side — a collector, parser or image we have not built yet — and it is neither a defect in this repository nor evidence that the check would have passed. Navigability is taken over call sites whose callee resolved. For C# that population includes calls into referenced assemblies; for this language only calls declared inside the repository count, so the abstention threshold reads the repository's use of its standard library as a resolution failure. That is a limit of this analyzer, not a build problem in this repository.
AX6 Interface segregation — not measured this run — Watchdog could not measure this here. That is a gap on our side — a collector, parser or image we have not built yet — and it is neither a defect in this repository nor evidence that the check would have passed. This check is computed over the public interfaces this run's compilations declare, and none was loaded, so it had nothing to read. That is a gap in this analyzer's language reach — not a finding that the repository is free of what this check looks for.
AXR1 Runtime accessibility — not measured this run — Watchdog could not measure this here. That is a gap on our side — a collector, parser or image we have not built yet — and it is neither a defect in this repository nor evidence that the check would have passed. Render strategy: boot via REDACTED (REDACTED). docker build failed (exit 1) — 34 | >>> FROM public.ecr.aws/lts/ubuntu:24.04 AS base-image 35 | ARG DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive 36 | ARG ARCH -------------------- ERROR: failed to solve: public.ecr.aws/lts/ubuntu:24.04: failed to resolve source metadata for public.ecr.aws/lts/ubuntu:24.04: failed to do request: Head "https://public.ecr.aws/v2/lts/ubuntu/manifests/24.04": Forbidden; runtime evidence skipped.
GD1 Unfinished & placeholder code — not measured this run — Watchdog could not measure this here. That is a gap on our side — a collector, parser or image we have not built yet — and it is neither a defect in this repository nor evidence that the check would have passed. This check reads C# syntax, F#, JavaScript/TypeScript, Dart, Ruby and Scala source only, and no C#, F#, JavaScript/TypeScript, Dart, Ruby or Scala was found, and this repository's Python, Rust, c is not read yet, so it had nothing of this repository's product to read. That is a gap in this analyzer's language reach — not a finding that the repository is free of what this check looks for.
IC1 Incompleteness & stubs — not measured this run — Watchdog could not measure this here. That is a gap on our side — a collector, parser or image we have not built yet — and it is neither a defect in this repository nor evidence that the check would have passed. This check reads C# syntax, JavaScript/TypeScript, Java, Dart, Ruby and Scala source only, and no C#, JavaScript/TypeScript, Java, Dart, Ruby or Scala was found, and this repository's Python, Rust, c is not read yet, so it had nothing of this repository's product to read. That is a gap in this analyzer's language reach — not a finding that the repository is free of what this check looks for.
M4 Documentation accuracy — measured, with a gap in what it reached — Watchdog measured this, but not all of it. What it did not reach is a gap on our side — a collector, parser or image we have not built yet — so the numbers on that dimension cover less than the repository, and the part left out is not evidence that it would have passed. M4 checks only the claim kinds adjudicated at or above 95 % precision: links and versions (PREREGISTRATION version 9). Paths, command arguments, installs, environment variables, settings, projects, packages, routes, cd targets, infrastructure products and removed modules are read but not checked, and none of them is reported or counted.
P5 DR & Backup — not measured this run — This is a true statement about the repository that carries nothing for its owner to act on, so it is reported here rather than as a defect in their code. No backup/snapshot/replication config, RTO/RPO or restore-procedure documentation was found — and no production persistence was detected either (no data-access packages, no data-store services, no database resources), so there is nothing in this repository whose loss a DR control would recover. If this system's data lives in a platform or ops repo we can't see, that's where the DR evidence belongs.
X16 Unfloored truncation loop — not measured this run — Watchdog could not measure this here. That is a gap on our side — a collector, parser or image we have not built yet — and it is neither a defect in this repository nor evidence that the check would have passed. This check reads C# syntax, and JavaScript/TypeScript, Java, PHP, Dart, Ruby, Scala and Kotlin source only, and no C# was loaded and no JavaScript/TypeScript, Java, PHP, Dart, Ruby, Scala or Kotlin was found in this repository, so it had nothing of this repository's product to read. That is a gap in this analyzer's language reach — not a finding that the repository is free of what this check looks for.
X18 Disposal-pattern correctness — not measured this run — Watchdog could not measure this here. That is a gap on our side — a collector, parser or image we have not built yet — and it is neither a defect in this repository nor evidence that the check would have passed. This check reads C# syntax, and JavaScript/TypeScript, Java, Kotlin, Dart, Ruby, Scala and PHP source only, and no C# was loaded and no JavaScript/TypeScript, Java, Kotlin, Dart, Ruby, Scala or PHP was found in this repository, so it had nothing of this repository's product to read. That is a gap in this analyzer's language reach — not a finding that the repository is free of what this check looks for.
X5 Nullable reference types — not measured this run — Watchdog could not measure this here. That is a gap on our side — a collector, parser or image we have not built yet — and it is neither a defect in this repository nor evidence that the check would have passed. This check reads C# syntax and MSBuild project configuration, TypeScript source and its tsconfig files, Java source and its package and module declarations, PHP source and its PHPStan and Psalm configuration, Dart source and its pubspec language version, Ruby source and its Sorbet and Steep configuration, Scala source and its build's explicit-nulls, WartRemover and Scalafix settings, and Kotlin source only, and no C# was loaded, no TypeScript was found, and this repository's C, Python, Rust is not read yet, so it had nothing of this repository's product to read. That is a gap in this analyzer's language reach — not a finding that the repository is free of what this check looks for.

Repo exclusion declarations (.gitattributes linguist-generated/vendored, .editorconfig generated_code): none declared — every source file was scored.

Limitations & what we did not check

Watchdog assesses the repository exactly as committed, and only the repository. By design it does not reach outside the source tree: the live cloud account, the running CI/CD pipeline, the host's branch-protection and approval rules, the production configuration, or a restore actually exercised against a backup are all out of scope. That boundary is a feature, not a gap — a repo-relative, deterministic scan re-runs identically on any commit and every finding opens at a real file and line, where a live audit can neither be reproduced nor traced. The visible consequence is that controls which leave no in-repo evidence are reported as "not evidenced" and excluded from the score rather than awarded a number a static scan cannot justify.

Per-dimension blind spots

For each dimension that was measured, what a static, repo-only scan structurally cannot see — the honest edge of the measurement, not a failure of it.

D1 Cyclomatic Complexity: Cyclomatic complexity counts branches statically — it cannot tell an essential decision tree from accidental tangle, nor see complexity that lives in data or configuration (large switch-case token tables, DSL lexers/parsers, data-as-code rule tables) rather than control flow: a tokenizer's many single-character cases read as high complexity though each branch is trivial.
D2 Cognitive Complexity: Cognitive-complexity heuristics approximate how hard code is to follow; genuine domain difficulty and well-named intent that eases reading are not captured.
D3 God Classes: "God class" is sized by members and responsibilities visible in the type — a deliberately broad facade over a coherent subsystem can read the same as an accidental grab-bag. For front-end JS the file-length check is cohesion-aware (a single-responsibility module — one class/IIFE — earns a 3× threshold), but cohesion is approximated from top-level declarations, not true dependency structure.
D4 Code Duplication: Duplication is token-similarity — an in-process token-stream comparison over sliding windows, with type-aware normalization — so it finds copy-paste, not semantic duplication expressed differently. Committed machine-written code (scaffolded migrations, designer/codegen output, protobuf/OpenAPI stubs, model snapshots) is EXCLUDED — its repetition is the tool's, not the team's — so the score reflects hand-written duplication only.
D5 Coupling: Coupling is measured between projects/assemblies — runtime coupling through DI, reflection, messaging or shared databases is invisible to a static reference graph.
D6 Cohesion (LCOM4): LCOM4 cohesion is syntactic — it infers connectivity from which methods touch which fields/methods by name, not from real runtime behaviour or intent.
D9 Test Distribution: The test-pyramid shape is inferred from project/folder naming and references, with a single test host bucketed per-file by its path tier and content signals — a suite that names tiers unconventionally and gives no per-file signal can still be mis-bucketed.
D12 Dependency Hygiene: Dependency health reads manifests and lockfiles — a vulnerability in a vendored/copied dependency, or risk from how a dependency is actually used, is outside this view.
D13 REDACTED Scanning: REDACTED detection is signature- and entropy-based on the current tree — a secret that does not match a known pattern, or one already rotated, will not be flagged (a clean scan is "nothing matched", not "no secrets exist").
D14 License Compliance: License compatibility is checked against declared package metadata and a policy — mislabelled or missing license metadata, and obligations that depend on how you distribute, are not resolved here.
D15 Churn × Complexity Hotspots: Churn hotspots come from git history — a freshly imported or squashed repository has no churn signal, and recent rewrites can mask a historically risky file.
D16 Bus Factor: Bus-factor is a time-decayed model of commit attribution (who has recently, repeatedly worked a file), not comprehension — pairing, review and reading-without-committing spread knowledge it can't see; bot commits and shared accounts still distort it.
D17 Explicit Debt: Acknowledged-debt signals (TODO/FIXME, suppressions, dead code) are textual — undocumented debt that nobody marked, and debt that lives in design rather than annotations, is invisible. Committed machine-written code (scaffolded migrations, designer/codegen output, generated stubs) is excluded — it is never the team's dead code to delete.
D19 Documentation Quality: Documentation quality publishes two things only: a runnable or packaged unit with no example, and a multi-project root README that maps none of its parts. It does not judge clarity, and its other checks (overview, licence, boilerplate, structure, empty sections, XML-doc coverage) are withheld after adjudication: their candidates are counted in the card's gaps, not shown as rows. A false statement in a document is M4's; units are .NET projects only.
D20 ADR Quality: ADR quality is an LLM read of the decision records present — it cannot know about decisions made and never recorded, and its verdict is sampled and advisory.
D26 Project Cohesion: Project focus is sized from members/namespaces per project — a project that is broad by deliberate design reads the same as one that has sprawled.
D28 Secrets (history): Secret-history scanning sweeps the git log for known patterns — a secret that predates the available history, or never matched a signature, is not found (clean means "nothing matched in the history we can see").
D29 Static Analysis (SAST): SAST findings are pattern-based (semgrep) — it finds classes of bug it has rules for; logic flaws, auth/authorization gaps and issues needing runtime context are out of reach (and clean means "no rule matched").
D30 Dependency Vulnerabilities: CVE matching depends on accurate package/version metadata and on the advisory databases — a vulnerability with no published advisory, or in code not declared as a dependency, is not seen. Coverage needs a RESOLVED graph: an unpinned requirements.txt, or a pom without a resolved build, yields partial coverage rather than a clean verdict. An ecosystem the analyzer cannot scan is reported as unmeasured, never as clean.
D31 IaC & Container Security: IaC scanning checks Dockerfiles/Terraform/Kubernetes against best-practice rules — it cannot see the live cloud account, runtime configuration, or drift between the committed config and what is actually deployed.
D34 Knowledge Freshness: Freshness is decayed commit RECENCY, not comprehension — code read often but rarely committed reads as orphaned, and stable code that genuinely needs no changes is penalised the same as forgotten code; bot/squash commits distort it like the bus factor.
D35 Change Coupling: Change coupling is co-change in COMMITS — files split across separate commits, or coupled only through a shared config/build step, read as uncoupled, and a sweeping commit (rename/format) is excluded so it doesn't couple everything. It shows that files change together, not WHY: a high coupling can be a healthy cohesive pair as readily as a hidden leak.
D43 Malicious Dependencies: Only packages some vulnerability database has already NAMED as malicious are seen — a compromise published in the last hours, or never reported at all, is invisible here, and this dimension reading 10 is not evidence that a dependency is trustworthy. There is no typosquat or dependency-confusion analysis: a package nobody has reported is simply absent from the feeds. Coverage is the dependency scan's: an ecosystem that could not be scanned is disclosed as unmeasured, never as clean.
D44 Platform End-of-Life: The support table is FROZEN, so it goes out of date by losing RECALL: a release that ended support after the table was written is missed until the table is refreshed, and this dimension reading 10 is not evidence that a platform is current. Only platforms the repository DECLARES in a place this pass reads are seen — a runtime named only in a REDACTED (D31's subject), in a CI workflow (D29's), or in a file this pass does not parse (go.mod, a Gemfile ruby directive) is invisible here, which is why a repository declaring none of them abstains rather than scoring. Only frameworks with a PUBLISHED support policy are tracked: React, Flask and Express publish none, so their age cannot be judged and their absence from a report is not a statement that they are supported.
AX10 Code composition: Role is inferred from namespace/folder convention, not semantics — a domain concept living in a folder named "Services" reads as application, and the split is lines-of-code, not business value. The business-logic-share score is a SOFT, FLOORED signal: it contributes to the Architecture lens but is floored at the Critical gate, so an infrastructure-heavy design (a gateway, an ETL, a driver) is legitimately low without being nuked to zero.
AX9 CQS / query purity: Handlers are found by interface/name convention — a query handler using neither is not seen. Mutation is a resolved write/publish invocation (SaveChanges/repository/bus), so a write hidden behind a hand-rolled wrapper, reflection, or a string-keyed service locator resolves to a non-persistence type and isn't flagged; it detects that a query writes state, not whether the write is a legitimate read-side cache update. Clean means "no resolved write/publish in a query body", not a proof of CQS purity.
M4 Documentation accuracy: Onboarding quality is an LLM read of the docs/setup present — it cannot run the onboarding or measure how long a real new joiner takes; the verdict is sampled and advisory.
P4 Deployment & Rollback: Approval/branch-protection rules live in repository settings the scan cannot see — only their in-repo evidence (config files, workflows) is checked, so a control enforced purely in the host's settings reads as "not evidenced".
P6 Release Hygiene: Rollback/observability controls are inferred from repo artefacts (pipelines, dashboards-as-code) — controls configured in external tooling, with no in-repo trace, cannot be credited.

Dimensions

D1 · Cyclomatic Complexity8.1 / 10Strong✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: How tangled the control flow is — methods with many branches are hard to test and change.

Method: Cyclomatic complexity per method (1 + decision points), computed exhaustively across production source; test projects separated by convention. Deterministic.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 8.1 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Prevented

12 method(s) exceeded the cyclomatic complexity threshold of 15; the worst was Connection::receive_segment at 38. A further 6 method(s) were over the threshold but excluded as flat dispatchers (a long switch/match over independent cases: many branches, almost no nesting), the largest being PciExpressCapabilityId::from at 49 — they are counted neither in the figure above nor in this dimension's score. 4 files carry no cyclomatic complexity row at all for this reason — every one of their over-threshold functions was excluded, so the exclusion is disclosed nowhere in the file itself: src/vmm/src/pci/mod.rs (PciExpressCapabilityId::from at 49), src/firecracker/src/api_server/parsed_request.rs (ParsedRequest::try_from at 38), src/vmm/src/rpc_interface.rs (RuntimeApiController::handle_request at 29), src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/balloon/device.rs (BalloonStats::update_with_stat at 17). They are named here because the per-file figures other dimensions report are taken BEFORE this exclusion, so such a file can show a high maximum complexity elsewhere in this report and nothing here, with nothing to reconcile the two.

Connection::receive_segment (cyclomatic 38) · ×2src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/connection.rs:523

MmioTransport::write (cyclomatic 20) · ×2src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/mmio.rs:297

Request::parse (cyclomatic 18)src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/request.rs:269

Endpoint::receive_segment (cyclomatic 18)src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/endpoint.rs:133

seccompiler::compile_bpf (cyclomatic 17)src/seccompiler/src/lib.rs:51

+ 5 more group(s) — more in Appendix A; the complete list is findings.md.

What to do

Bring the 1 body over 30 down to 30 or less in Cyclomatic Complexity — start with Connection::receive_segment (cyclomatic 38). — Refactoring it lifts Cyclomatic Complexity from 8.1 to about 8.3/10.
Enforce Cyclomatic Complexity in CI to reach Verified (currently Documented). — Hardens enforcement from Documented toward Prevented — provenance only; does not change the score.

Detailed fixes: d1_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

Do you agree with this assessment?

D2 · Cognitive Complexity6.3 / 10Adequate✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: How hard the code is for a person to follow, beyond raw branching.

Method: Cognitive complexity per method (Sonar-style nesting-penalized score), computed exhaustively over production code, excluding test projects. Deterministic.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 6.3 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Prevented

29 method(s) exceeded the cognitive complexity threshold of 15; the worst was Connection::receive_segment at 72.

Connection::receive_segment (cognitive 72) · ×2src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/connection.rs:523

Balloon::process_free_page_hinting_queue (cognitive 31) · ×2src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/balloon/device.rs:538

vmm::arch::aarch64::fdt::create_cpu_nodes (cognitive 30) · ×2src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/fdt.rs:122

Vmm::process (cognitive 25) · ×2src/vmm/src/lib.rs:835

Env::new (cognitive 20) · ×2src/jailer/src/env.rs:159

+ 18 more group(s) — more in Appendix A; the complete list is findings.md.

What to do

Bring the 4 bodies over 30 down to 30 or less in Cognitive Complexity — start with Connection::receive_segment (cognitive 72), Connection::write_next_segment (cognitive 49), seccompiler::compile_bpf (cognitive 38). — This score is capped by its worst body, so a finding fixed alone moves it by almost nothing — the next one down takes its place. Refactoring these 4 together lifts Cognitive Complexity from 6.4 to about 7.3/10, projected with the scoring formula itself and assuming each lands exactly at 30; a cleaner split scores higher.
Enforce Cognitive Complexity in CI to reach Verified (currently Documented). — Hardens enforcement from Documented toward Prevented — provenance only; does not change the score.

Detailed fixes: d2_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

Do you agree with this assessment?

D3 · God Classes9.0 / 10Strong✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Over-large classes that try to do too much ("god classes").

Method: God-class detection by line and method-count thresholds per logical type (partial classes unified), filtered for generated code and registration/contract false positives. Deterministic.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 9.0 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Prevented

35 god class(es) detected.

FileTooLong: vstate/memory.rs · ×13src/vmm/src/vstate/memory.rs

ClassTooLong: VirtioPciDevice · ×7src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/pci/device.rs:270

TooManyMethods: Balloon · ×7src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/balloon/device.rs:246

MethodTooLong: MMIOVirtioDevices.restore · ×4src/vmm/src/device_manager/persist.rs:426

FunctionTooLong: firecracker::main_exec · ×3src/firecracker/src/main.rs:121

+ 1 more group(s) — more in Appendix A; the complete list is findings.md.

What to do

Resolve the 13 FileTooLong finding(s) in God Classes — start with device.rs (4), memory.rs, aml.rs. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (13 warning-level).
Resolve the 7 ClassTooLong finding(s) in God Classes — start with device.rs (4), pci_mngr.rs, mod.rs. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (7 warning-level).
Resolve the 7 TooManyMethods finding(s) in God Classes — start with device.rs (3), vm.rs, connection.rs. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (7 warning-level).
Enforce God Classes in CI to reach Verified (currently Documented). — Hardens enforcement from Documented toward Prevented — provenance only; does not change the score.

Detailed fixes: d3_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

Do you agree with this assessment?

D4 · Code Duplication9.8 / 10Stronggated by 52 serious findings✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Copy-pasted code that should be shared instead.

Method: Code duplication via token-stream sliding windows with type-aware normalization (locals masked, type names preserved), density-scored per KLoC of production code. Deterministic.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 9.8 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Verified

49 duplicated block group(s) detected. A further 3 rows report members as variants of one another; they aggregate block groups already counted above and are not themselves counted.

Duplicated block (9 lines × 2) · ×7src/acpi-tables/src/aml.rs:610

Duplicated block (12 lines × 2) · ×5src/vmm/src/arch/x86_64/mptable.rs:251

Duplicated block (10 lines × 2) · ×4src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv2/regs/dist_regs.rs:65

Duplicated block (7 lines × 2) · ×3src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/mmio.rs:298

Duplicated block (20 lines × 2) · ×2src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/iovec.rs:187

+ 28 more group(s) — more in Appendix A; the complete list is findings.md.

What to do

Resolve the 7 Duplicated block (9 lines × 2) finding(s) in Code Duplication — start with aml.rs, fdt.rs, pci_mngr.rs. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (7 warning-level).
Resolve the 5 Duplicated block (12 lines × 2) finding(s) in Code Duplication — start with device.rs (2), mptable.rs, pci_mngr.rs. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (5 warning-level).
Resolve the 4 Duplicated block (10 lines × 2) finding(s) in Code Duplication — start with pci_mngr.rs (2), dist_regs.rs, persist.rs. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (4 warning-level).
Enforce Code Duplication in CI to reach Verified (currently Documented). — Hardens enforcement from Documented toward Verified — provenance only; does not change the score.

Detailed fixes: d4_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

Do you agree with this assessment?

D5 · Coupling7.3 / 10Strong✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Whether volatile projects sit underneath others that depend on them (so their churn ripples upward), and whether project dependencies form cycles. A widely-depended-on but stable shared/kernel project is healthy, not penalised.

Method: Dependency cycles via elementary-DFS over real .csproj references, plus Martin instability (afferent/efferent) per project. Exhaustive over the reference graph, deterministic.

Coverage: Exhaustive · type-level: afferent/efferent coupling + cycles computed over every production type — the population is all types, not a name convention.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 7.3 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Prevented

12 production modules (Cargo), 0 dependency cycle(s), 0 unstable depended-on module(s). Read from the build's own module declarations; 4 module(s) off the main sequence, with abstractness counted on 10 of the 12 (the rest declare no modelled class or interface, export only macros, declare types in source no model reads, or have no source directory of their own).

Off the main sequence: seccompiler · ×4

What to do

Resolve the 4 Off the main sequence finding(s) in Coupling. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (4 warning-level).
Enforce Coupling in CI to reach Verified (currently Documented). — Hardens enforcement from Documented toward Prevented — provenance only; does not change the score.

Detailed fixes: d5_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

Do you agree with this assessment?

D6 · Cohesion (LCOM4)9.9 / 10Stronggated by 2 serious findings✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Whether a class's methods are focused on a single responsibility.

Method: LCOM4 cohesion per production class with at least two methods: connected components of methods sharing state or calls, computed syntactically. Deterministic, not a proxy.

Coverage: Exhaustive · type-level: LCOM4 cohesion computed over every production class — the population is all types, not a name convention.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 9.9 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Verified

2 of 164 classes have LCOM4 above 3.

Low cohesion: Argument (LCOM4 4) · ×2src/utils/src/arg_parser.rs:110

What to do

Resolve the 2 Low cohesion finding(s) in Cohesion (LCOM4) — start with arg_parser.rs, resources.rs. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (2 warning-level).
Enforce Cohesion (LCOM4) in CI to reach Verified (currently Documented). — Hardens enforcement from Documented toward Verified — provenance only; does not change the score.

Detailed fixes: d6_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

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D9 · Test Distribution10.0 / 10Exemplary✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Whether the test suite has a healthy mix of unit / integration / end-to-end tests.

Method: Test projects classified (Unit/Integration/BDD/E2E) from compiled metadata; test methods counted exhaustively across projects with placement-agnostic disk fallback. Deterministic.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 10.0 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Documented

1564 test methods: 1523 unit, 41 integration, 0 BDD, 0 e2e. The Rust suite contributes 1205 `#[test]` function(s) across 213 file(s) declaring at least one; its unit/integration split is Cargo's own — 5 of those file(s) are integration-test targets under a crate's tests/ directory, and the rest are #[test] functions compiled into the crate they test. The Python suite contributes 359 test function(s) across 95 file(s) declaring at least one — every `def test…` in a file pytest or unittest would collect, which is those frameworks' own definition of a case; a parametrize table counts once, so this is a floor. Its tier split is read from file names and paths only.

✓ On the Gold path — maintain.

Detailed fixes: d9_recommendation.md.

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D12 · Dependency Hygiene9.7 / 10Exemplary✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Whether dependencies are current, secure, and not bloated.

Method: Manifest scan via dotnet list package across all projects; worst-signal-per-package deduction (saturating for vulnerabilities, capped-linear for deprecation/outdated) per KLoC. Exhaustive, deterministic.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 9.7 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Verified

7 outdated, 0 yanked direct Cargo dependencies. Only DIRECT edges are graded: a transitive crate cannot be moved past what its parent's requirement admits, so reporting one would be advice its owner cannot take. A newer release is reported only where this repository's OWN requirement already admits it, so the remedy is `cargo update` and never a manifest edit — which means a release outside the declared range is deliberately NOT charged, because a written-down constraint is a decision rather than a defect. Note that a bare requirement is a CARET, and for a 0.x crate its ceiling is the minor. Whether any crate is UNMAINTAINED is not graded — crates.io publishes no maintenance status, and release age does not stand in for one. Known CVEs in this dependency graph are D30's question, read from Cargo.lock there.

Outdated: aws-lc-rs · ×7

✓ On the Gold path — maintain.

Detailed fixes: d12_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

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D13 · REDACTED Scanning10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

What it measures: Whether any secrets (keys, tokens, passwords) have leaked into the code.

Method: In-process native secret scanner (entropy plus signature patterns) across all tracked files; no external tool. A clean result is a measured 10, not no-data zero. Deterministic.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 10.0 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Prevented

REDACTED scan ran and found no leaked secrets.

✓ On the Gold path — maintain.

Detailed fixes: d13_recommendation.md.

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D14 · License Compliance10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

What it measures: Whether the licenses of third-party packages are compatible with your policy.

Method: Third-party package licenses resolved from declared package metadata and checked against the configured policy (allow/deny/copyleft). Deterministic; clean = no incompatible license found at metadata depth.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 10.0 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Verified

0 of 142 shipped crate(s) use a banned license. Licences were resolved from crates.io over the crates a consumer compiles — this repository's Cargo.lock closed over its manifests' `[dependencies]` and `[build-dependencies]`. Crates it asks for ONLY under `[dev-dependencies]` are excluded: they are not compiled by anything that depends on this repository. A further 1 crate(s) in the closure resolve from git, a path or a private registry and publish no licence this pass can read; they are outside this verdict. ★ COVERAGE OF THIS VERDICT: it grades this repository's crate dependencies and nothing else. The repository also declares a Python pyproject.toml/requirements.txt (pip/uv/Poetry), and the licences of those dependencies were NOT read by this pass — a gap in this engine's coverage, not a statement about them. So this result says the graded closure carries no banned licence; it does NOT say this repository's licensing is clear.

✓ On the Gold path — maintain.

Detailed fixes: d14_recommendation.md.

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D15 · Churn × Complexity Hotspots10.0 / 10Stronggated by 1 serious finding✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Files that change often and are also complex — the riskiest hotspots.

Method: Per production file churn times cyclomatic complexity over a rolling window, computed from git and Roslyn/JS/Razor analysis. Exhaustive, deterministic per commit date.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 10.0 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Documented

Top hotspots: src/vmm/src/rpc_interface.rs (7×25=175)

Hotspot: src/vmm/src/rpc_interface.rssrc/vmm/src/rpc_interface.rs:440

What to do

Resolve the 1 Hotspot finding(s) in Churn × Complexity Hotspots — start with rpc_interface.rs. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (1 warning-level).

Detailed fixes: d15_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

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D16 · Bus Factor9.3 / 10Exemplary✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Whether knowledge is concentrated in too few people (the "bus factor").

Method: Living knowledge per author via time-decayed commit attribution (6-month half-life, focus weighting) across largest source files. Deterministic, avoids blame's mechanical-refactor false positives.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 9.3 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Documented

18 source file(s) have their living knowledge concentrated in one author (≥90% of recent, decayed contribution). The largest is src/vmm/src/mmds/mod.rs. Counted over 255 of the 318 production source files in this repository: the rest are under the ~2,400-byte size floor this dimension measures over.

Off-boarding risk: anonymized user #1 · ×2

Further sole-owners (lower concentration)

✓ On the Gold path — maintain.

Detailed fixes: d16_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

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D17 · Explicit Debt9.9 / 10Stronggated by 50 serious findings✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Acknowledged debt left in the code — TODOs, dead code, suppressed warnings.

Method: Roslyn syntactic debt markers (suppressions/TODO/FIXME/HACK/empty-catch/commented-code/Obsolete) plus SymbolFinder dead-code analysis; weighted-debt-per-KLoC density deducted 2.0x per unit. Deterministic, exhaustive.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 9.9 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Prevented

50 deducted task-comment markers across 111601 LoC (0.0/KLoC) → score 9.9. Task comments only: this repository's language is read without a compiler, so D17's suppression, dead-code and commented-out-code arms did not run and this score counts fewer marker kinds than a .NET repository's would.

TodoComment · ×45tests/integration_tests/functional/test_snapshot_basic.py:213

FixmeComment · ×3src/vmm/src/rpc_interface.rs:916

HackComment · ×2tools/test-popular-containers/test-docker-rootfs.py:15

What to do

Resolve the 45 TodoComment finding(s) in Explicit Debt — start with device.rs (5), vm.rs (4), common.rs (4). — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (45 warning-level).
Resolve the 3 FixmeComment finding(s) in Explicit Debt — start with rpc_interface.rs, machine_config.rs, device.rs. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (3 warning-level).
Resolve the 2 HackComment finding(s) in Explicit Debt — start with test-docker-rootfs.py, endpoint.rs. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (2 warning-level).
Enforce Explicit Debt in CI to reach Verified (currently Documented). — Hardens enforcement from Documented toward Prevented — provenance only; does not change the score.

Detailed fixes: d17_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

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D19 · Documentation Quality10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

What it measures: Whether the project's documentation is clear, complete, and useful.

Method: Every README, docs/ document and root guide parsed by its markup and measured in Unicode letters. Published: a runnable or packaged .NET project whose README (or a document it links, or a root guide) shows no example, and a root README naming none of three or more projects. Overview, licence, boilerplate, wall-of-text, empty-section and XML-doc rows are measured and withheld (counted in gaps) after adjudication. Deterministic, exhaustive, advisory.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 10.0 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Documented

1 of 1 documentation facets pass in full. 54 document(s) read across 1 unit(s).

✓ On the Gold path — maintain.

Detailed fixes: d19_recommendation.md.

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D20 · ADR Quality0.0 / 10Critical✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Whether architecture decisions are recorded well (context, decision, consequences).

Method: Per-ADR judgment by language model at low temperature with two-pass stability; confidence is share of ADRs evaluated; enforcement-field presence detected deterministically. Advisory.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 0.0 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Documented

No architecture decision records were found.

No ADRs found

What to do

Resolve the 1 No ADRs found finding(s) in ADR Quality. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (1 recommendation-level).

Detailed fixes: d20_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

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D26 · Project Cohesion8.5 / 10Strong✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Whether each project is a focused, coherent unit rather than an oversized grab-bag.

Method: Project size overshoot penalties (LoC / public-type count / namespace count, 2-of-3 flag) weighted by log magnitude. Exhaustive across projects, deterministic, LLM-independent.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 8.5 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Documented

1 of 13 build units (Cargo) flagged as possibly oversized/incoherent.

Projects may be oversized for their cohesion

What to do

Resolve the 1 Projects may be oversized for their cohesion finding(s) in Project Cohesion. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (1 recommendation-level).

Detailed fixes: d26_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

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D28 · Secrets (history)9.0 / 10Adequategated by 1 critical finding✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Whether any secrets were ever committed — scanned across the full git history, not just now.

Method: REDACTED scan via TWO gitleaks detect passes in an isolated checkout — the full git history, then a second --no-git pass over the working tree as it stands — merged and de-duplicated by (rule, file, line); each match flagged High. Both invocations are recorded in the audit trail. Exhaustive; when the tool is absent, or when its output cannot be parsed into the expected shape, the dimension is WITHHELD as an explicit measurement gap on our side — unscored and excluded from the lens, never a hedged middling score.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 9.0 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Documented

1 finding(s): 0 critical, 1 high, 0 medium, 0 low. Remediation for historically-committed secrets is credential rotation — they remain in history regardless of later deletion.

REDACTED

What to do

Resolve the 1 REDACTED finding(s) in Secrets (history) — start with REDACTED. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (1 issue-level).
Resolve the 1 Rotate the exposed credentials finding(s) in Secrets (history). — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (1 recommendation-level).

Detailed fixes: d28_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

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D29 · Static Analysis (SAST)1.6 / 10Critical✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Real static-analysis (SAST) findings — likely security bugs in the code, any language.

Method: Polyglot static analysis via semgrep across the repo using the pinned, image-baked p/security-audit + p/owasp-top-ten rulesets (no scan-time registry fetch); severity rules (ERROR/WARNING/INFO) map to a full-band severity-weighted score. Exhaustive, deterministic; degrades on parse failure.

Coverage: semgrep pattern rules over all files — exhaustive for the rule set, blind to classes of bug without a rule (clean = no rule matched).

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 1.6 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Documented

21 finding(s): 0 critical, 19 high, 2 medium, 0 low. 9 unpinned-GitHub-Actions row(s) are reported here but scored by D36 (supply-chain provenance), which measures that posture as `pinned_actions` — one pinning decision is charged once, not once per lens. semgrep hit a parse error in 2 file(s) — `REDACTED` (line 234), `tools/release.sh` — so no absence of findings in the named regions is evidence of anything; rows reported elsewhere in those files are real. Fix the syntax error (or exclude the file deliberately) and re-scan to cover them. Separately, one or more rules could not re-parse an embedded snippet in 3 file(s) (e.g. a workflow `run:` block read as shell). Those files WERE scanned and their other rows are unaffected; only those rules' view of those snippets is missing.

REDACTED

+ 3 more group(s) — more in Appendix A; the complete list is findings.md.

What to do

Resolve the 4 REDACTED finding(s) in Static Analysis (SAST) — start with REDACTED, REDACTED, REDACTED. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (4 issue-level).
Resolve the 3 REDACTED finding(s) in Static Analysis (SAST) — start with REDACTED (3). — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (3 issue-level).
No action in Static Analysis (SAST) — all 9 REDACTED finding(s) are reported here at file:line but scored by D36 (supply-chain provenance), so none is charged to this dimension. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (9 issue-level, 0 of them charged here).

Detailed fixes: d29_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

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D30 · Dependency Vulnerabilities4.2 / 10Weak✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Whether any dependency has a known published vulnerability (CVE), direct or transitive, in ANY ecosystem the repository declares — Dart pub, Elixir and Erlang via Hex, Go modules, Java and Kotlin via Maven/Gradle, JavaScript/npm, .NET/NuGet, PHP/Composer, Python/PyPI, RubyGems, Rust/Cargo and Swift.

Method: Dependency-CVE scan across every ecosystem the repository declares, scored ONCE. Three sources are unioned and deduplicated by advisory identity (rule id + alias closure, CVE<->GHSA) scoped to package+version, keeping the worst severity: `osv-scanner --recursive` over osv.dev for Dart pub, Elixir/Hex (and Erlang, whose `rebar.lock` syft first converts to a CycloneDX SBOM the scanner reads, with rows attributed back to the lock), Go, Java and Kotlin via Maven/Gradle (and Scala, whose sbt build's pinned direct declarations are written into a CycloneDX SBOM the scanner reads, with rows attributed back to the build file), npm, PHP/Composer, Python/PyPI, RubyGems, Rust/Cargo and Swift; `trivy fs --scanners vuln` for npm lockfiles; and `dotnet list package --vulnerable --include-transitive` for NuGet (with per-advisory collapse of the project x target-framework fan-out), plus a DECLARED-dependency arm that resolves a published gem's gemspec against rubygems.org where no Gemfile.lock is committed. `SeverityScore(c,h,m,l, normalizer 8.0)`. NotApplicable only when NO ecosystem is readable; if any applicable ecosystem could not be scanned the findings are REPORTED and the score is withheld. Supersedes the npm and OSV arms, retired 2026-09-05.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 4.2 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Documented

8 finding(s): 2 critical, 5 high, 1 medium, 0 low.

REDACTED

What to do

Resolve the 4 High CVE finding(s) in Dependency Vulnerabilities — start with REDACTED (4). — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (4 issue-level).
Resolve the 1 Critical CVE finding(s) in Dependency Vulnerabilities — start with REDACTED. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (1 issue-level).
Resolve the 1 Critical vulnerability finding(s) in Dependency Vulnerabilities — start with REDACTED. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (1 issue-level).

Detailed fixes: d30_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

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D31 · IaC & Container Security6.6 / 10Adequate✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Whether Dockerfiles / Terraform / Kubernetes config follow security best practices.

Method: IaC/container misconfiguration scan via trivy config (REDACTED/Terraform/K8s/Helm/CloudFormation); severity rules to 0-10 moderate normalizer. NotApplicable without manifests. Exhaustive, deterministic.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 6.6 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Documented

21 finding(s): 0 critical, 6 high, 14 medium, 1 low.

REDACTED

What to do

Resolve the 14 Medium IaC finding(s) in IaC & Container Security — start with REDACTED (14). — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (14 warning-level).
Resolve the 6 High IaC finding(s) in IaC & Container Security — start with REDACTED (6). — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (6 issue-level).
Resolve the 1 Low IaC finding(s) in IaC & Container Security — start with REDACTED. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (1 recommendation-level).

Detailed fixes: d31_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

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D34 · Knowledge Freshness8.2 / 10Adequategated by 3 critical findings✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Whether anyone still has living knowledge of each file, or it has been orphaned — last understood long ago by someone now gone quiet. The sibling of the bus factor: D16 asks who owns it, D34 asks whether anyone still knows it.

Method: File orphaning as total living-knowledge decay below one focused-commit's worth within a year, computed per-file from the D16 decay model. Exhaustive, deterministic over fixed history.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 8.2 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Documented

47 of 255 significant source file(s) are orphaned — their living knowledge has decayed to nothing, so no one currently understands them. The largest is src/utils/src/arg_parser.rs. Counted over 255 of the 318 production source files in this repository: the rest are under the ~2,400-byte size floor this dimension measures over.

Orphaned knowledge · ×3src/utils/src/arg_parser.rs:1

Orphaned file · ×44src/vmm/src/devices/legacy/i8042.rs:1

Further orphaned files (smaller)

What to do

Resolve the 3 Orphaned knowledge finding(s) in Knowledge Freshness — start with arg_parser.rs, cache_info.rs, mod.rs. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (3 issue-level).
Resolve the 44 Orphaned file finding(s) in Knowledge Freshness — start with mod.rs (8), metrics.rs (5), icc_regs.rs (2). — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (44 recommendation-level).
Resolve the 1 Further orphaned files (smaller) finding(s) in Knowledge Freshness. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (1 recommendation-level).

Detailed fixes: d34_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

Do you agree with this assessment?

D35 · Change Coupling9.8 / 10Stronggated by 7 serious findings✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Whether files that change together actually belong together — pairs that repeatedly co-change in git history despite having no explicit code dependency, surfacing the hidden/logical coupling (and boundaries in the wrong place) a static scan can't see.

Method: Pairwise co-occurrence over the per-commit file sets in git history (production source only — tests and generated dropped): Degree-of-Coupling = shared ÷ min individual revisions, reported above noise floors (each file ≥10 revisions, ≥5 shared commits, ≥50% strength); sweeping commits excluded. Deterministic over fixed history.

Coverage: Population: PRODUCTION source files only — test and generated files are dropped before pairing, so a class co-changing with its own test (trivially ~100%) can't drown the real production↔production coupling. Pairs ranked by Degree-of-Coupling. A non-source file is never a coupling PARTICIPANT either: documentation, schemas, config and data files are dropped with the rest, so a code↔docs pair — a command and the reference page that restates it — is not reported however strongly the two co-change; nor is coupling that runs THROUGH a build step or config file.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 9.8 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Documented

Strongest change-coupling: completion.rs↔submission.rs 75%; mod.rs↔mod.rs 73%; dist_regs.rs↔redist_regs.rs 71%

Change coupling: completion.rs ↔ submission.rs · ×7src/vmm/src/io_uring/queue/completion.rs:1

What to do

Resolve the 7 Change coupling finding(s) in Change Coupling — start with mod.rs (2), completion.rs, dist_regs.rs. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (7 warning-level).

Detailed fixes: d35_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

Do you agree with this assessment?

D36 · Supply-chain Provenance & Signing0.0 / 10Critical✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Whether the build pipeline provides supply-chain integrity — generated provenance/attestation, signed artifacts (cosign/sigstore), an SBOM, and pinned build actions. Presence of the configuration, not a runtime guarantee.

Method: Supply-chain provenance/signing read deterministically from CI/build config (.github/workflows, .gitlab-ci.yml, azure-pipelines, Jenkinsfile, .circleci) + the release surface: four signals — generated provenance/attestation (SLSA/in-toto/actions-attest), artifact signing (cosign/sigstore/gitsign), an SBOM (syft/sbom-action/*.spdx.json/*.cdx.json), and SHA-pinned build actions — scored 10·present/denom. NotApplicable without a build pipeline. Detects configuration presence, not runtime enforcement.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 0.0 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Documented

0/4 supply-chain integrity signals present (provenance, signing, SBOM, pinned actions).

REDACTED

+ 1 more group(s) — more in Appendix A; the complete list is findings.md.

What to do

Resolve the 1 REDACTED finding(s) in Supply-chain Provenance & Signing. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (1 warning-level).
Resolve the 1 REDACTED finding(s) in Supply-chain Provenance & Signing. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (1 warning-level).
Resolve the 1 REDACTED finding(s) in Supply-chain Provenance & Signing. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (1 warning-level).

Detailed fixes: d36_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

Do you agree with this assessment?

D37 · Vulnerability-disclosure Policy10.0 / 10Exemplary✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Whether the repository publishes a coordinated-vulnerability-disclosure policy (SECURITY.md or security.txt) with a reporting contact, so finders know how to report a vulnerability. Presence of a policy file with a contact, not whether the policy is adequate or honoured.

Method: Vulnerability-disclosure policy read deterministically from the repo: a SECURITY.md (root/.github/docs) or .well-known/security.txt / security.txt, regex-checked for a reporting contact (email / URL / mailto). Present + contact → 10; present without a contact → 4; NotApplicable when no policy file exists (it may live off-repo). Detects the policy file's presence + contact, not its adequacy.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 10.0 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Documented

A vulnerability-disclosure policy (SECURITY.md) is published with a reporting contact.

✓ On the Gold path — maintain.

Detailed fixes: d37_recommendation.md.

Do you agree with this assessment?

D43 · Malicious Dependencies10.0 / 10Exemplary✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Whether any dependency the repository declares is published as MALICIOUS rather than merely vulnerable — a package that is an attacker's work, in any ecosystem osv-scanner reads. Scored apart from D30 because the answer is binary: there is no safe version to upgrade to, and the fix is to remove the package and rotate every credential it could have read.

Method: The same dependency scan D30 reads, partitioned on the scanner's own classification rather than rescanned: a row is MALICIOUS when its id is in the `MAL-` space (the ossf/malicious-packages feed) OR its `database_specific.cwe_ids` carries `CWE-506` ("Embedded Malicious Code"). Both channels are structural; the summary text is deliberately NOT read, because a malicious-package record whose summary says only "Critical severity vulnerability" is a real shape ([GHSA redacted]) and a text matcher misses it. Scored BINARY: any surviving row is 0, whatever its severity and however many CVEs sit beside it — a hostile dependency is not a quantity. Applicability and degradation are D30's: NotApplicable only when no ecosystem is readable, and an unscannable ecosystem degrades rather than reading clean. SCORED, not informational.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 10.0 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Documented

No dependency in any ecosystem this repository declares is published as malicious.

✓ On the Gold path — maintain.

Detailed fixes: d43_recommendation.md.

Do you agree with this assessment?

D44 · Platform End-of-Life6.0 / 10Adequate✓ Tool-verified

What it measures: Whether anyone still ships security patches for the platform this repository RUNS ON — the runtime it pins and the framework majors its own constraints hold it to. Separate from D12 because the question differs: a current Django on an end-of-life Python is perfectly up to date and completely unsupported, and the fix is a migration rather than a version bump. What the repository says it merely SUPPORTS is never charged.

Method: End-of-life PLATFORM read from the repository's own declarations and graded against a FROZEN, dated table of vendor support dates — no network, no feed, no API, so this dimension answers identically inside a closed scan fence. Two subjects: a RUNTIME the project pins (a single or all-end-of-life TargetFramework, a .nvmrc or .python-version, a requires-python CAP) and a FRAMEWORK major a dependency constraint cannot move off (a caret, tilde or exact version; `vue@^2.7.16` pins Vue 2). A FLOOR is deliberately never charged — `requires-python = ">=3.8"` states what a package SUPPORTS, not what it runs on — and a multi-target project is charged only when EVERY target is out of support. Runtime 4.0/product capped 8.0, framework 1.5 capped 4.5. The table is safe to freeze because a statement about support that ended in the past cannot become false: it loses recall as it ages, never precision, and a test asserts every entry predates the freeze date. Disjoint from D31 (a container image's OS layer) and D29 (the toolchain a CI workflow installs). Abstains when the repository declares no platform this pass reads — never scores it clean.

Maturity: Documented → Verified → Prevented · effective 6.0 / 10 · rule-coverage 100% · ceiling Documented

1 end-of-life runtime(s) and 0 end-of-life framework(s), read from 2 platform declaration(s) and 30 dependency declaration(s). This dimension reads what the repository says about ITSELF — a pinned target framework, a version file, a capped requires-python, a Rust toolchain pin, a framework major a constraint cannot move off. A FLOOR is deliberately never charged: `requires-python = ">=3.8"` states what the package SUPPORTS, not what it runs on, and a well-maintained library declares exactly that while running its own CI on a current release. The end-of-life facts are FROZEN and dated, so this dimension needs no network and answers identically inside a closed scan fence; as the table ages it loses recall and never precision, because a statement about support that ended in the past cannot become false. The OS layer of a container image is D31's question and the toolchain a CI workflow installs is D29's; this row is neither.

End-of-life runtime: Rust 1.97rust-toolchain.toml:1

What to do

Resolve the 1 End-of-life runtime finding(s) in Platform End-of-Life — start with rust-toolchain.toml. — One of this dimension's main actionable groups (1 warning-level).

Detailed fixes: d44_recommendation.md · top locations in Appendix A, every location in findings.md.

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Frontend & cross-cutting dimensions

R = React/JS · M = Maturity · P = Readiness.

AX10 · Code composition9.9 / 10Exemplary✓ Tool-verified

Other · Architecture — How the codebase splits by code ROLE — domain, application, infrastructure, test, generated. The significance map behind the knowledge/coupling weighting, and a DDD signal in its own right: a thin domain core under fat infrastructure is the anemic-domain smell, quantified. How each file's role is decided, because the split is only as good as that: a generated name or a build-output tree makes it Generated, a test project makes it Test, and otherwise the file's NAMESPACE and PATH words are matched against fixed vocabularies in a fixed ORDER — domain, then infrastructure, then application — so a file whose words hit two layers is counted under the earlier one. A production file matching none of them counts as application, so that share reads 'application or unclassified' rather than a measured application layer. Roles come from naming convention, never from what the code does. On this repository the split was taken from the source tree on disk rather than from a loaded .NET workspace, so a file's role is decided by its PATH segments alone — no declared namespace was available to add to the evidence — and generated output is excluded from the census entirely rather than counted as a generated share.

Method: Roslyn line-count by code ROLE: every source file classified Domain/Application/Infrastructure/Test/Generated by namespace + path convention (the shared CodeRoleClassifier), then significant lines summed per role. Deterministic; the advisory score is the business-logic (domain+application) share of production code.

Coverage: Population: ALL source files, each bucketed into ONE of five roles (Domain/Application/Infrastructure/Test/Generated) by namespace + path convention — a file whose layer isn't named in the convention falls to Application (the neutral default), and the split is line-count, not semantic depth or business value.

What to do

The domain core is a small share of production code, but most of the rest matched no layer vocabulary at all — so this is not yet an anemic-domain finding. The namespace/path convention could not place that code, which makes the composition above a statement about the naming, not about the design. Name the layers (or check that the repository's conventions differ from the ones this check knows) before reading a thin domain into it.

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AX3 · Project dependency cycles10.0 / 10Exemplary✓ Tool-verified

Other · Architecture — Whether the project-reference graph is acyclic (cycles block independent build/deploy and signal eroding boundaries).

Method: Project reference cycles via elementary-DFS over real .csproj references, using the engine shared with D5/D7; cyclic versus acyclic. Exhaustive, deterministic.

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AX4 · Dependency direction10.0 / 10Exemplary✓ Tool-verified

Other · Architecture — Whether dependencies point inward (Domain ← Application ← Infrastructure/Web) — the clean-architecture dependency rule, checked across the project graph.

Method: Layer violations by name-segment inference (Domain/Core to Application to Infrastructure/Web) over the project-reference graph. Exhaustive over all projects, deterministic.

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AX9 · CQS / query purity10.0 / 10Exemplary✓ Tool-verified

Other · Architecture — Whether read (query) handlers stay side-effect-free — a query that writes persistent state or raises events breaks CQS and makes reads unsafe to retry, cache, or route to a read replica.

Method: Roslyn scan: CQRS handlers classified query-vs-command by interface (IQueryHandler/ICommandHandler/IRequestHandler<TQuery,TResult>) and name convention (*Query/Get*/Find* vs *Command); each query handler's body checked for persistent-state writes (SaveChanges/repository Add-Update) or event publishes by resolved invocation. Deterministic, type-level, exhaustive over the detected handlers.

Coverage: Population: CQRS handlers identified by IQueryHandler/ICommandHandler/IRequestHandler interface + *Query/Get*/Find*/*Command NAME convention; query purity then checked exhaustively within that set — a query handler using neither convention is invisible, and mutation is a resolved persistence/publish CALL, not full dataflow.

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C2 · Access Controls0.0 / 10Critical✓ Tool-verified

Other · Security — Whether access is authorized by default — a framework authorization attribute/decorator or policy, or imperative guard methods (throw-on-violation) called from handlers.

Method: Roslyn scan: [Authorize] usage and authorization policies, plus imperative throw-on-violation guard methods detected via syntax. Deterministic.

This repository serves requests — a server (HttpServer::new) (src/firecracker/src/api_server_adapter.rs:194) — and no route guard, auth-gate middleware, global guard or imperative check that refuses a caller (401/403, an Unauthorized/Forbidden error) was found: its endpoints may be unprotected. — src/firecracker/src/api_server_adapter.rs:194

What to do

Protect endpoints by default-deny: a global authentication guard or middleware with explicit public opt-outs, or a guard on every route, plus named role/permission rules for what an authenticated caller may do.

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ES1 · Fold determinism10.0 / 10Exemplary✓ Tool-verified

Other · Event Sourcing — Whether the recovery-replay fold is deterministic — state derived purely from each event's own fields, no clock/random/IO on the replay path.

Method: Roslyn syntax scan (event-sourcing gated): Apply/When folds checked for forbidden tokens (DateTime.Now, Guid.NewGuid, Random, IO), stripped of comments/strings. Deterministic, hard fact per fold.

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ES2 · Immutable events10.0 / 10Exemplary✓ Tool-verified

Other · Event Sourcing — Whether domain events stay immutable (private fields, set once) rather than carrying mutable state.

Method: Roslyn scan (event-sourcing gated): persisted events checked for public setters; immutability verified per property/field. Deterministic, hard fact.

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M1 · Documentation (README)8.3 / 10Strong✓ Tool-verified

Maturity · Maturity — Whether the repo and its projects have a README, and whether it's substantive and current.

Method: Filesystem scan: README presence, word count, and headings for depth; git history for staleness. Exhaustive across root and project dirs, deterministic.

What to do

Add a README to the 11 of 13 project(s) that lack one — worth up to 1.7 pts.

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M2 · Architecture documentation5.0 / 10Adequate✓ Tool-verified

Maturity · Maturity — Whether key decisions (ADRs) and the high-level shape (C4/diagrams) are written down.

Method: Filesystem scan: ADR folder/naming conventions or content, plus Mermaid/PlantUML/C4/architecture.md discovery. Exhaustive, deterministic.

No Architecture Decision Records found — no conventional ADR directory, no numbered `NNNN-title` documents in any markup this check reads, and nothing ADR-shaped by content. Design rationale recorded elsewhere (a design-notes tree, a mailing list, pull-request discussion) is not visible to this check and is not re-findable per decision, so a future maintainer cannot ask why one choice was made and get an answer.

What to do

Record your significant design decisions. Write one short document per decision, giving its date, the situation, the decision and its consequences, and keep them together with your other design documents. A docs/adr folder with each file named by number and title is the easiest place to find them.

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M3 · Folder & project structure10.0 / 10Exemplary✓ Tool-verified

Maturity · Maturity — Whether the repo is organised deliberately — src/test separation and consistent project naming.

Method: Filesystem scan: src/test folder separation and namespace-prefix consistency (majority RootNamespace agreement). Exhaustive across projects, deterministic.

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M4 · Documentation accuracy10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Maturity · Maturity — Whether the README actually describes the code that exists (LLM-judged, advisory).

Method: Judged by language model at low temperature: README accuracy versus actual projects, within a disclosed tolerance. Advisory, not a measured number.

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P1 · CI/CD gates10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Readiness · Readiness — Whether an automated pipeline builds and tests every change.

Method: Filesystem scan: CI workflow files (.github/workflows, .gitlab-ci.yml, etc.) for build and test stages. Exhaustive, deterministic.

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P10 · Library API & versioning6.0 / 10Adequate✓ Tool-verified

Readiness · Readiness — For a library: a deliberate (small) public API surface and explicit semantic versioning so consumers can depend on it safely.

Method: Roslyn scan: public API surface area and semantic-versioning markers (SemVer attributes, changelog entries) for libraries; off .NET, a library is the ecosystem's publication act (an npm package that is not private and names an entry point, a PyPI distribution with a build system, a Rust library crate, a Maven/Gradle module that publishes, a Go module with no package main, a gemspec, a Composer library, a SwiftPM library product, a pub.dev or Hex package), its surface is the share of types the language model records as public (Rust, Swift, Java, Kotlin, Go, Dart; not measured where the model records no type visibility or, as in TypeScript, only module-level export), and its version is read from the manifest, a semver CHANGELOG, release tooling or semver git tags. Exhaustive, deterministic.

619/843 types (73%) declared in the published library are public. For a library, every public type is a stability contract — keep implementation types off the surface and expose only the intended API.

What to do

Keep implementation types off the public surface (Rust: `pub(crate)`, or keep the module private) so internals can change without breaking consumers.

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P2 · Observability5.8 / 10Adequate✓ Tool-verified

Readiness · Readiness — Whether the code is diagnosable in production — structured logging, tracing/metrics, health checks.

Method: Filesystem/Roslyn scan: structured-logging frameworks (Serilog, NLog), OpenTelemetry, and health-check endpoint patterns. Exhaustive, deterministic.

Only 6/10 runnable modules use logging (modules with no entry point or server are excluded — they are libraries a runnable module hosts). Silent: `src/jailer`, `src/rebase-snap`, `src/seccompiler`, `src/snapshot-editor`.

What to do

Extend structured logging to the remaining runnable modules so everything you run is diagnosable in production.
Consider OpenTelemetry tracing/metrics (opentelemetry with tracing-opentelemetry) and a health-check endpoint (a /health route on your axum/actix router) for operability.

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P3 · Security & performance tooling8.0 / 10Strong✓ Tool-verified

Readiness · Readiness — Whether SAST, secret/dependency scanning and performance benchmarking are wired in (presence, not runtime).

Method: Filesystem scan: SAST configuration, dependency-update automation, secret scanning, and a benchmark harness or benchmark step — in this repository's own ecosystem. Exhaustive, deterministic.

What to do

Dependabot is configured but does not watch `github-actions`, `pip` — add those `package-ecosystem` entries to REDACTED so those dependencies get the same automatic update and advisory pressure as the ones it already covers.
Add gitleaks/trufflehog in CI to block PRs that introduce committed secrets.

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P4 · Deployment & Rollback7.0 / 10Strong✓ Tool-verified

Readiness · Readiness — Whether releases are automated and safely reversible (probes, rolling updates, approval gates) — from manifests/pipeline files, not the live environment.

Method: Filesystem scan: deployment manifests/IaC (K8s YAML, Helm, Terraform) for rolling updates, probes, approval gates, migration hooks. Exhaustive, deterministic.

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P6 · Release Hygiene10.0 / 10Exemplary✓ Tool-verified

Readiness · Readiness — Whether releases are traceable — a maintained changelog and explicit version stamping.

Method: Filesystem scan: changelog file presence and version tags in csproj or git tags. Exhaustive, deterministic.

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PF1 · Benchmark discipline8.5 / 10Strong✓ Tool-verified

Readiness · Performance — Whether the code protects its performance with benchmarks — a benchmark suite, allocation/memory measurement, and (ideally) a CI gate. Presence is credited as a bonus, never a deduction.

Method: Repo + source scan: BenchmarkDotNet referenced (csproj/source), [Benchmark]/[MemoryDiagnoser] attribute counts, and a benchmark step in CI; off .NET, the same ladder over Go testing.B, Rust criterion/#[bench]/divan, JMH/kotlinx-benchmark, pytest-benchmark/asv/pyperf, tinybench/mitata/vitest bench/benchmark.js and Swift package-benchmark — scored as a bonus ladder (absence is neutral, never a deduction). Deterministic, presence detection.

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S1 · Web-Security Posture6.0 / 10Adequate✓ Tool-verified

Other · Security — Read from this repository's Rust source: cryptographic hygiene (weak hash or cipher, key material fixed in the source) and outbound TLS (certificate validation, protocol version) — facts about code that hold whether or not it serves anything itself. This repository serves HTTP itself (`HttpServer::new(` (src/firecracker/src/api_server_adapter.rs:194)), so its Rust source was also read for the server controls: TLS served or HSTS set, security response headers, cookie flags and inbound validation — each credited where its Rust spelling appears in production source, not proven on every route. A Rocket 0.5 application is credited the headers Rocket's default `Shield` sends unless it attaches its own, and its cookie jar's SameSite=Strict default; a session middleware its default cookie flags.

Method: Roslyn plus filesystem scan: HSTS/security headers, secure cookies, input validation, middleware order, weak crypto (MD5/SHA1/DES); HTTPS-metadata context-aware. On a repository with no .NET source it reads JavaScript/TypeScript, Dart, Ruby, Scala, Rust or Elixir source itself (test, vendored, generated and minified paths not) for the arms that hold whether or not the code serves HTTP: a weak hash or cipher, key material fixed in the source, a TLS client that accepts any certificate, and (JavaScript/TypeScript, Ruby, Scala, Rust and Elixir) an obsolete TLS version; the server controls are not assessed there, and a Dart, Ruby, Scala, Rust or Elixir repository that serves no HTTP of its own is N/A on them. Deterministic.

This repository starts an HTTP server and nothing in its Rust source or committed `Rocket.toml` secures the transport: no TLS served (actix-web `bind_rustls`/`bind_openssl`, axum-server `bind_rustls` with a `RustlsConfig`, tonic `ServerTlsConfig`, a `TlsAcceptor`, Rocket's `[default.tls]`), no `Strict-Transport-Security` header, no `X-Forwarded-Proto` read from a TLS-terminating proxy — so its traffic may cross the network in clear text. (−2.0 on this card.) The server: `HttpServer::new(` (src/firecracker/src/api_server_adapter.rs:194).
None of the 11 security response headers the OWASP Secure Headers Project recommends (Content-Security-Policy, Strict-Transport-Security, X-Content-Type-Options, X-Frame-Options, …) is set on a response this repository's Rust server sends — defense in depth, even when a proxy could set them. (−2.0 on this card.) The server: `HttpServer::new(` (src/firecracker/src/api_server_adapter.rs:194).

What to do

Secure the server's transport: serve TLS itself (`HttpServer::bind_rustls_0_23(addr, config)` in actix-web, `axum_server::bind_rustls(addr, RustlsConfig::from_pem_file(…))`, tonic's `Server::builder().tls_config(ServerTlsConfig::new().identity(…))`, Rocket's `[default.tls]`), or run it behind a TLS-terminating proxy and check `X-Forwarded-Proto`; send `Strict-Transport-Security` once it is HTTPS-only.
Set security response headers on what the server sends — actix-web's `DefaultHeaders::new().add((header::X_CONTENT_TYPE_OPTIONS, "nosniff"))`, tower-http's `SetResponseHeaderLayer::overriding(…)` on an axum router, or keep Rocket's default `Shield` — with `Content-Security-Policy`, `X-Content-Type-Options` and a frame policy on every response.

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X1 · Async correctness10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Other · Code Health — Whether the code avoids sync-over-async (deadlock-prone blocking on tasks) and async void.

Method: Roslyn syntax scan: async methods scanned for .Wait()/.GetAwaiter().GetResult() and async-void outside event handlers. Deterministic, hard fact per invocation.

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X12 · Unreachable branch10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Other · Code Health — Whether any branch is dead by construction — a switch arm whose label can never equal a case-normalised subject, or an `else if` whose predicate the arm above has already swallowed.

Method: Roslyn syntax + semantics: switch labels compared against the subject's own case normaliser, and if/else-if chains checked for a literal an earlier arm's containment test already swallows. Deterministic, provable per finding. Advisory.

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X13 · Undrained process stream10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Other · Code Health — Whether a child process that has BOTH standard streams redirected drains both — reading one to the end while the other is never read deadlocks once the child fills the unread pipe.

Method: Roslyn syntax + semantics: ProcessStartInfo launches with both streams redirected, checked for a drain of each stream across the enclosing type. On a repository with no .NET source it reads JavaScript/TypeScript off the engine’s own token stream (test, vendored and minified paths not) with the same rule: a `spawn` imported from `child_process` whose stdout and stderr are both pipes (no options, no `stdio`, or `stdio` of `'pipe'`), bound to a local that never leaves its scope, where exactly one of the two streams is read, the other never, and the child’s `close`/`exit` (or the read stream’s end) is awaited; a shell redirect in the call’s arguments or a `kill` of the child suppresses it. The same rule reads Python’s `subprocess.Popen`, Dart’s `Process.start`, Ruby’s `Open3.popen3`, and Scala’s JDK process starts (`new ProcessBuilder(…).start()` with no `redirectErrorStream`/`redirectError`/`redirectOutput`/`inheritIO`, `Runtime.getRuntime.exec`) where one of `getInputStream`/`getErrorStream` is read and the other never while `waitFor()` is called or the read stream is read to its end. Deterministic, provable per finding. Advisory.

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X14 · Bypassable address classification10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Other · Security — Whether a hand-rolled public/private IP check can be walked past — a method that unwraps IPv4-mapped IPv6 but returns the opposite verdict for the same host written as IPv4-compatible, 6to4 or NAT64.

Method: Roslyn syntax + semantics: methods that unwrap IPv4-mapped IPv6 and hand-roll IPv4 range carve-outs, checked for whether the IPv6 branch also accounts for the IPv4-compatible, 6to4 and NAT64 embeddings. Deterministic, provable per finding. Advisory.

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X15 · Unvalidated length from an untrusted reader10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Other · Security — Whether a length read out of the stream being parsed is bounded before it is allocated or read — an unchecked count taken from the input lets the input choose the allocation.

Method: Roslyn syntax + semantics: integer lengths read from a BinaryReader and spent on a bulk read or an array allocation, checked for any comparison or bounding call on the value anywhere in the method. Deterministic, provable per finding. Advisory.

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X17 · Uncapped recursion over a caller-supplied document10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Other · Security — Whether a walk that recurses through a JSON/XML tree handed in by its caller bounds how deep it will go — an uncapped walk lets the document's nesting choose the stack depth, and the resulting StackOverflowException cannot be caught.

Method: Roslyn syntax + semantics: methods that take a JSON/XML document node and call themselves with a child of it, reachable from an externally-callable member of the same type that accepts a document, checked for any depth parameter, descent counter or threaded arithmetic anywhere in the walk. On a repository with no .NET source it reads TypeScript off the engine’s own token stream (test, vendored, generated and minified paths and `.d.ts` not) with the same rule: a function or method with a parameter typed as a document value — `unknown`, `any`, `object`, `Record<string, unknown|any>`, a JSON alias (`JsonValue`, `JSONObject`, …) or a DOM node global the file does not rebind — that calls itself (bare, or through `this` for a method, or hands itself to a call over the value as in `value.map(walk)`) with something it took out of that value and never through an ancestor accessor such as `closest()` or `parentElement`, that is exported or reached from an exported function (a public method of the same exported class) taking such a value, and that names no depth, level, nesting, recursion, remaining or budget anywhere and threads no `+`/`-` arithmetic through a self-call. Plain JavaScript is not read: with no annotation nothing tells a parsed document from a tree the code built itself. Deterministic, provable per finding. Advisory.

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X19 · Unrestored process-global state10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Other · Code Health — Whether a method that temporarily changes state belonging to the whole process — the working directory, an environment variable — puts it back on EVERY path: a restore reached only when nothing throws leaks the change to the rest of the process.

Method: Roslyn syntax + semantics: method bodies that write the process working directory or an environment variable and write it back in the same body, checked for whether that restore sits in a `finally`/`catch` or only on the straight-line path. On a repository with no .NET source the same rule reads production JavaScript/TypeScript off the engine’s own token stream (test, vendored and minified paths not): `process.chdir`, `process.env.NAME =`/`["NAME"] =` and `delete process.env.NAME`, and Deno’s `Deno.chdir`/`Deno.env.set`/`Deno.env.delete`, paired per function body (a nested function or arrow is its own body, and module top-level code is none), where the last write puts back a local the body captured from the same global or deletes a variable the first write set, with at least one statement between them; a write in a `catch`/`finally` of that body silences it. Deterministic, provable per finding. Advisory.

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X21 · Side-effecting pattern guard10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Other · Code Health — Whether a `when` guard is free of side effects — a guard that increments a counter or assigns while deciding whether its arm matches applies that change during PATTERN MATCHING, on an arm that may not be selected, and skips it entirely when a short-circuit to its left answers first.

Method: Roslyn syntax: `when` guards on case labels and switch-expression arms, read for a mutation (`++`/`--`/assignment) sitting in a position the guard's own `&&`/`||`/`??`/`?:`/`?.` can skip. Deterministic, provable per finding. Advisory.

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X22 · Contradicted release guard10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Other · Code Health — Whether a method that TAKES a lock or semaphore and gives it back from a flag-guarded `finally` returns the value that flag implies — reporting success while the guard hands the primitive back admits a second caller the exclusion was there to keep out, and reporting failure while the guard keeps it leaves nothing to ever give it back.

Method: Roslyn syntax: `try` statements whose `finally` releases a synchronisation primitive under a bare local-bool guard, where the method also TOOK that same primitive before the `try`, checked for a `return` of a bool literal whose value disagrees with the flag state the method's own straight-line assignments put it in. Deterministic, provable per finding. Advisory.

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X23 · Unguarded diagnostic materialisation10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Other · Code Health — Whether the work a diagnostic log line costs is paid only when that line is wanted — C# evaluates a call's arguments BEFORE the call, so a trace/debug message joined or projected out of a collection is built in full on every pass, and then discarded by a sink the shipped configuration leaves switched off.

Method: Roslyn syntax: log calls at a diagnostic level (a `Log`-prefixed method naming Trace/Debug/Verbose, or a bare `Debug`/`Trace`/`Verbose` on a receiver named for a logger), whose argument list is read for a call whose cost scales with a sequence — a LINQ operator, a materialisation, `string.Join`, a serializer — with no enclosing level check or conditional-compilation region. On a repository with no .NET source it reads JavaScript/TypeScript off the engine’s own token stream (test, vendored and minified paths not) with the same rule: a `debug`/`trace`/`verbose` call on a receiver named for a logger, or a `log`-prefixed method naming the level, whose argument calls an array operator (`map`/`filter`/`reduce`/`sort`/…), `Array.from`, `Object.keys/values/entries`, `JSON.stringify`/`util.inspect` over anything but a literal, or an array `join` — outside any arrow or function passed as an argument, which the logger calls only when the level is on — with no enclosing `if`, `&&` or `?:` whose condition names a level, a level string, or the `NODE_ENV`/`__DEV__`/`DEV` build switch. Deterministic, provable per finding. Advisory.

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X24 · Document value interpolated into markup unescaped10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Other · Security — Whether text read out of the document being converted is escaped before it is written into generated markup — a value the document's author chose, interpolated into an attribute the surrounding literal delimits, can close that attribute and open another.

Method: Roslyn semantic model over the whole compilation: a string-typed `Value`/`InnerText`/`InnerXml`/`Text` member declared inside `DocumentFormat.OpenXml` or `System.Xml` is a taint SOURCE, propagated through assignments, returns, arguments, tuple elements and string composition to its transitive closure, then read at interpolated-string holes that sit in a markup position the surrounding literal itself delimits. Escaper/encoder calls and enclosing validator conditions cut the flow. Flow- and container-insensitive by construction. A second arm needs no provenance at all and reports a type that CONTRADICTS ITSELF — the same expression escaped at one delimited markup hole and interpolated raw at another hole in the same markup position of the same type, which the type's own escaping proves is a defect without knowing where the value came from. On a repository with no .NET source it reads JavaScript/TypeScript off the token stream with the same rule: a DOM read of raw document text (`getAttribute`, `textContent`, `innerText`, `nodeValue`) is the source, propagated through local bindings and string composition, and judged at template-literal and concatenation holes in the same two delimited markup positions; escapers and validating conditions cut it, and documentation-site, test, vendored and minified scripts are not read. Deterministic, provable per finding. Advisory.

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X25 · Inert configuration knob10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Other · Code Health — Whether a value the caller is invited to supply is the value the type actually uses — a constructor parameter stored in a private field that nothing ever reads while the default it was given is spelled out a second time at the site that should have read it, a keyed lookup that falls back to a different setting than the one its key names while the same type falls back to the matching one for that same key, or a culture-sensitive parse given no format provider by a type that feeds its own settable culture to the same kind of parse elsewhere, or a number an entry point writes to standard output under the host's culture while the same entry point formats with the invariant culture elsewhere. Either way, every caller who supplies a value silently gets something else.

Method: Roslyn syntax: private instance fields of a non-partial type assigned in a constructor from one of its own parameters with a `??` fallback, checked for whether anything in the type body reads the field and whether that same fallback expression is spelled out again outside the constructor; and `??` fallbacks onto a member access from a lookup call carrying exactly one string literal, grouped by that key across the type and checked for a fallback member whose folded name disagrees with the key while a sibling site for the same key agrees with it. On a repository with no .NET source the first two arms read JavaScript/TypeScript off the engine’s own token stream (tests included, bundles and vendored paths not): a `#x`, `private` or `private` parameter-property instance field filled in the constructor from a parameter (or one member of one) through `??`/`||` or a parameter default, never read anywhere in the file by name, whose constructed default is spelled again in the class body; and `lookup("key") ?? s.member` grouped by key per class, or per module outside every class. The culture arm has no JavaScript counterpart: its parses take no locale. Deterministic, provable per finding. Advisory.

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X26 · Unsynchronised callback handoff10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Other · Code Health — Whether a value handed from a callback to the body that waits on it crosses on something built to be crossed — a `Queue<T>`/`List<T>`/`Dictionary<K,V>` written inside an event handler and read back outside it is mutated by two flows at once, and the semaphore or completion source beside it orders how MANY items exist while leaving the collection's own head, tail and backing array unprotected.

Method: Roslyn syntax: method, accessor, local-function and lambda bodies that declare BOTH a non-thread-safe generic collection (`Queue`/`Stack`/`List`/`Dictionary`/`HashSet`/`Sorted*`/`LinkedList`) and a synchronisation primitive (`SemaphoreSlim`/`TaskCompletionSource`/`ManualResetEvent(Slim)`/`AutoResetEvent`/`CountdownEvent`) as locals, then read for a `+=`-registered lambda that raises that primitive while the body outside every lambda waits on it — and, in that scope, a mutating call on the collection inside the lambda paired with a mention of it outside. Any `lock` in the scope abstains it. On a repository with no .NET source the same handoff is read in Java off the engine’s own token stream (test source sets, vendored and demonstration paths not): an `ArrayList`/`LinkedList`/`ArrayDeque`/`PriorityQueue`/`Hash*`/`LinkedHash*`/`Tree*` local and a `CountDownLatch`/`Semaphore`/`CompletableFuture` local, a lambda or anonymous class that raises the primitive and mutates the collection, and a wait outside it; any `synchronized` or `lock()` abstains the body. Because each of those primitives orders what the callback wrote before raising it, only a touch that provably overlaps the callback is convicted: one after the registration and before the next wait, or one in a loop registered-before, waiting on every pass and not declaring the collection. Deterministic, provable per finding. Advisory.

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X27 · Collection changed while being enumerated10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Other · Code Health — Whether a `for` loop leaves the `RefCell` it is walking alone — safe Rust rejects a body that changes the collection its loop borrows at compile time, except through interior mutability: a `RefCell` borrowed in the loop's header stays borrowed until the loop ends, so a `borrow_mut()` of it inside the body panics with `already borrowed: BorrowMutError` and the remaining elements are never seen. Whether a `for` loop leaves the `dict`, `set` or `deque` it is walking alone — CPython's iterators over those check that the collection has not changed size since the loop began, so a body that removes from (or empties) the very collection the loop is walking makes the next step raise `RuntimeError: dictionary changed size during iteration` and the remaining items are never seen.

Method: Roslyn syntax + semantics: `foreach` statements whose body calls a structural mutator (`Add`/`Remove`/`Clear`/`Insert`/…) on the very expression the loop is enumerating. Two arms. ARM A — the source is a concrete fragile BCL collection, or a live `Keys`/`Values` view over one, and the mutator resolves to that same collection's own member; concurrent and immutable collections and arrays are outside the population by construction, since their enumerators survive a structural change. ARM B — the source is an argument-less accessor CALL on a receiver whose body is in source: the accessor must return a stored field VERBATIM and a sibling member must structurally change that same field, both read off the implementations rather than from the members' names. A mutation the loop provably exits immediately after (`break`/`return`/`throw`/`goto`), or one written inside a nested loop or a lambda, is counted and never reported. Deterministic, provable per finding. Advisory.

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X28 · Index access outside its own emptiness guard10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Other · Code Health — Whether a condition that tests a value for emptiness indexes that same value only where the test holds — an `||` written one parenthesis too far to the left leaves an index access outside the guard beside it, so the empty case the guard exists to anticipate reaches the index and throws.

Method: Roslyn syntax only, no semantic model: the OUTERMOST `&&`/`||` of every boolean condition, read for a symbol the condition tests for emptiness (`string.IsNullOrEmpty`/`IsNullOrWhiteSpace`, a `Length`/`Count` comparison against a literal, `Any()`, a `Length`/`Count` pattern, or a comparison against `""`) and ALSO indexes. Each `symbol[...]` access is placed by a boolean-reachability walk from the access up to the outermost connective: an access is COVERED when some enclosing step has it in the right operand and the left operand, under the truth value that step forces, proves the symbol non-empty — a recursion over `&&`/`||` whose true- and false-directions are asymmetric. A finding needs BOTH an uncovered access and a covered one on the same symbol in the same condition, which is the agreeing twin that separates a misplaced parenthesis from an unrelated length test. Bare index accesses with no emptiness test in the condition are neither counted nor reported; a non-identifier receiver and a lambda nested inside the condition are outside the population. Deterministic, provable per finding. Advisory.

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X29 · Per-element action decided by a fixed element10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Other · Code Health — Whether a decision taken once per element is taken ABOUT that element — a test inside a counted loop that reads a fixed subscript of the very collection its guarded statement indexes by the loop variable applies element zero's answer to all of them, so the elements that differ from it are all handled wrongly, and in the same direction.

Method: Roslyn syntax only, no semantic model: every `for` statement declaring exactly ONE loop variable, and every `if` inside its body that is not under a nested loop or a lambda. A site enters the population when the `if`’s condition never mentions the loop variable while the statement it guards indexes some collection by that variable ALONE (`c[i]`; `c[i + 1]` and `c[i, j]` are outside it). A finding additionally needs the AGREEING TWIN at the same-collection grain: the condition must read THAT SAME collection at a subscript that does not move — written into the condition, or reached through a local declared BEFORE the loop, so an alias bound inside the body is not followed. Both collection expressions must be simple identifiers. On a repository with no .NET source the same rule reads JavaScript/TypeScript off the engine’s own token stream (tests included, bundles and vendored paths not): a `for (let|var|const x = …; …; …)` with one declarator and a braced body, an alias followed only when it is declared before the loop in a block that encloses it and never assigned inside the loop. Deterministic, provable per finding. Advisory.

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X3 · Exception handling10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Other · Code Health — Whether exceptions are handled rather than silently swallowed or rethrown with lost stack traces.

Method: Roslyn syntax scan: every catch clause counted; empty catches and bare rethrows flagged. Population is all catch clauses, not estimated. Deterministic, hard fact.

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X30 · Support guard that admits what it rejects10.0 / 10Exemplary○ Nothing flagged

Other · Code Health — Whether a guard written as a NEGATED `||` says what its author meant — `!(a || b || x != k)` is `!a && !b && x == k` by De Morgan, so a bail-out that mixes capabilities the code needs with a fault it refuses turns inside out: it fires only where the capabilities are ABSENT, and lets every value the fault term names walk straight into the body that cannot handle it.

Method: Roslyn syntax only, no semantic model: every logical-not whose operand is a parenthesised `||` chain of two or more disjuncts, flattened (a left-nested `a || b || c` read once would see `(a || b)` as one disjunct). A site enters the population on that shape alone. A finding additionally needs the disjuncts to DISAGREE in polarity: at least one bare boolean read — an identifier or member access, never an invocation, which is a predicate rather than a capability flag — and at least one `x != <constant>`, the only form that negates into an exact-value pin (`== null` negates into a looser requirement and is outside the fault set). Consistently-polarised disjunctions, all-fault or all-capability, are counted and never reported; a negated `&&` is outside the population entirely. No same-receiver gate: it was measured to cost a real defect and remove no false positive. Deterministic, provable per finding. Advisory.

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Reference — by lens

The score is the rank-weighted fold of these lenses (worst-heaviest), each including its meta-dimensions; a lens with a Critical contributor is capped at Fair (its band reads "gated by …") and is never the strongest area however high its average.

Lens	Score	Rating	Impact
Code Health	94%	Exemplary	Solid.
Architecture	96%	Exemplary	Solid.
Maturity	78%	Strong	Solid.
Readiness	73%	Strong	Solid.
Security	34%	Weak — gated by D29, D36, C2	Capped at Fair by a Critical contributor — resolve it before relying on this lens.
Event Sourcing	100%	Exemplary	Strongest area.
Performance	85%	Strong	Solid.

Unscored — 1 check(s) recorded observations but carry no score

These checks ran and found something, but they do not carry a score — either by design (an advisory check reports evidence rather than grading it) or because they could not be scored here. They are excluded from the score for that reason, not because there was nothing to see.

X7 Silent fallback defaults — 1 observation(s) recorded · Advisory — this card reports evidence and never carries a score.

Not evidenced — 1 control(s) we could not find positive evidence for

These checks grade a working control, and the repository shows no evidence of one. That is deliberately not scored as a zero: a repository cannot show an ops runbook, a database TTL or an infrastructure-side audit log, so absence of evidence here is not evidence the control is missing. It is also not a statement that the check is irrelevant to this codebase — the thing it grades applies; we just could not see it. Excluded from the score either way.

P5 DR & Backup — not evidenced — repo shows no backup/RTO/RPO controls; absence of evidence is not evidence of a working control

Not included — 56 check(s) not relevant to this codebase

These checks had nothing to measure here (no tests, no git history, the codebase is small, or the architecture style doesn't apply), so they're omitted above rather than scored low.

AC1 Text alternatives — No web markup found — accessibility is not applicable to this repository.
AC2 Forms & labels — No web markup found — accessibility is not applicable to this repository.
AC3 Page structure — No web markup found — accessibility is not applicable to this repository.
AC4 Keyboard semantics — No web markup found — accessibility is not applicable to this repository.
AC5 ARIA correctness — No web markup found — accessibility is not applicable to this repository.
AC6 Visual & motion safety — No web markup found — accessibility is not applicable to this repository.
AC7 A11y enforcement — No web markup found — accessibility is not applicable to this repository.
AX1 Captive dependencies — Not applicable: Rust with no dependency-injection crate has no container to hand one lifetime's instance to another — every value is owned by the code that builds it, and the borrow checker rejects a longer-lived value keeping a borrow of a shorter-lived one.
AX2 Stateful singletons — No container singleton was found, so there is no shared instance for concurrent requests to race on. No function in this Python code is served by a threaded web framework (a Flask, Bottle or FastAPI route, a Django or Pyramid view), so no module is shared between request threads. Rust's compiler refuses unsynchronised shared mutation — a value shared across threads must be Sync — so the race this check looks for cannot be written.
AX5 Architecture & structure — not assessed — architecture style/structure is computed from a project graph (projects, types, module namespaces) that was not loaded for this repository, because the repository is written in a language this check does not yet model, or because its projects failed to load. This is a gap in the analyzer, not a finding about this repository
AX6 Interface segregation — not assessed — interface segregation is computed over a type surface that was not loaded for this repository, because the repository is written in a language this check does not yet model, or because its projects failed to load. This is a gap in the analyzer, not a finding about this repository
AX7 Slice cohesion — not applicable — not a vertical-slice architecture
AX8 Test isolation — no test/production split to check
AXB2 Runtime readiness — Advisory — this card reports evidence and never carries a score, so there is nothing missing here.
AXR1 Runtime accessibility — docker build failed (exit 1) — 34 | >>> FROM public.ecr.aws/lts/ubuntu:24.04 AS base-image 35 | ARG DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive 36 | ARG ARCH -------------------- ERROR: failed to solve: public.ecr.aws/lts/ubuntu:24.04: failed to resolve source metadata for public.ecr.aws/lts/ubuntu:24.04: failed to do request: Head "https://public.ecr.aws/v2/lts/ubuntu/manifests/24.04": Forbidden; runtime evidence skipped This is a statement about this run, not a statement about your application: nothing here says the surface is inaccessible, only that it was never rendered.
C1 Data Protection — No personal data detected in a persisted data model — no PII-named field (email, first_name, date_of_birth, phone, …) or stored credential in a Diesel schema, a SeaORM entity, a Diesel or sqlx row struct, or a SQL CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE — and no database or data-store crate (sqlx, Diesel, SeaORM, rusqlite, tokio-postgres, MongoDB, …) in the source either, so this repository keeps no data at rest for these controls to protect.
C3 Audit Trail — No personal data detected in a persisted data model — no PII-named field (email, first_name, date_of_birth, phone, …) or stored credential in a Diesel schema, a SeaORM entity, a Diesel or sqlx row struct, or a SQL CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE — and no database or data-store crate (sqlx, Diesel, SeaORM, rusqlite, tokio-postgres, MongoDB, …) in the source either, so this repository keeps no sensitive data whose changes an audit trail would record. If it does (through a store configured outside this repository, for instance), the trail belongs to wherever that data is stored.
C4 Data Retention — No personal data detected in a persisted data model — no PII-named field (email, first_name, date_of_birth, phone, …) or stored credential in a Diesel schema, a SeaORM entity, a Diesel or sqlx row struct, or a SQL CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE — and no database or data-store crate (sqlx, Diesel, SeaORM, rusqlite, tokio-postgres, MongoDB, …) in the source either, so this repository keeps no personal data whose lifetime a retention limit would bound.
C5 Data-Subject Rights — No personal data detected in a persisted data model — no PII-named field (email, first_name, date_of_birth, phone, …) or stored credential in a Diesel schema, a SeaORM entity, a Diesel or sqlx row struct, or a SQL CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE — and no database or data-store crate (sqlx, Diesel, SeaORM, rusqlite, tokio-postgres, MongoDB, …) in the source either, so this repository keeps no personal data for a data subject to erase, export or consent over.
D10 Test Quality — ~28495 lines of test source are present (.py, .rs) but no test cases reached the test census for this repository — no test root we could resolve declared them, or the files we read declare no cases in a test framework we recognise — so skipped/assertion-free tests couldn't be counted. Not scored — this is a gap in the analyzer, not a finding about this repository.
D11 Test Reliability — Test reliability not included — the .py suite was found but not re-run
D18 Solution Shape — D18 scores the shape of a .NET solution; this repository has no .NET solution or project files, so the dimension does not apply.
D21 Naming Consistency — Naming consistency is measured on C# only; Python, Rust not measured.
D22 Internal API Consistency — API consistency is measured on C# only; the exposed Rust surface was not measured.
D23 Boundary Type-Coupling — No bounded-context organisation was detected either — neither a context-shaped layout, nor 2+ sibling source directories each declaring an aggregate root, nor 2+ projects each declaring an entity of their own. Declaring this codebase's bounded contexts (≥2) would let cross-boundary type coupling be assessed. Declare them in `.codehealth/config.yaml` at the repository root (create it if absent), mapping each context name to the module-path or namespace prefixes that belong to it — e.g. `architecture:` → `contexts:` → `Billing: ["src/billing", "Acme.Billing"]`, `Catalog: ["src/catalog", "Acme.Catalog"]`.
D24 Comment Value — D24 reads C# and Visual Basic comments only — this repository's production source is .py, .rs, which was left unread. Not scored: this is a gap in the analyzer, not a verdict about this repository.
D25 ADR Conformance — no ADRs to check
D27 Navigability — D27 counts a call into the standard library or a dependency as unresolved for this repository's language (.rs), so too few call sites counted as resolved to assess navigability. Not scored: this is a gap in the analyzer, not a verdict about this repository.
D32 Data Compliance (PII/GDPR) — No personal data was found crossing a boundary the PII/GDPR ruleset checks — nothing written to a log or console sink, placed in a URL or query string, or persisted to browser storage. That is a clean result for the LEAK surface only: this ruleset detects personal data escaping, it does not inventory the personal data a repository holds, so it is not evidence that this repository has no personal-data surface. The personal-data map (Appendix C) and the C1-C5 compliance cards are what speak to that.
D39 IL Efficiency — D39 measures the IL emitted by a .NET build; this repository has no .NET solution or project files, so the dimension does not apply.
D40 Network Egress Confinement — No Kubernetes/orchestration workloads found in the repository manifests; network egress policy is a cluster-native control that may live at the platform/firewall layer, so there is nothing to assess here.
D41 Kernel & Syscall Confinement — No Kubernetes/orchestration workloads found in the repository manifests; seccomp/AppArmor/SELinux confinement is a workload-level control, so there is nothing to assess here.
D42 Runtime Threat Enforcement — No Kubernetes/orchestration workloads found in the repository manifests; runtime threat-detection and admission-control policy are cluster-level controls, so there is nothing to assess here.
D7 Architectural Integrity — no checkable ADRs, and no project-reference graph for the cycle pass to read — so this dimension makes no claim about dependency cycles in either direction (where this repository's language has an import-cycle lens, cycles are reported there). Architectural integrity not assessed
D8 Code Coverage — Coverage not included — suite not readable by the collector
DM1 Domain Modelling — applicable but not scored (2 of 3 signals for this style — below the bar we score at): 47 value object(s); 1 domain event(s); its domain events are published by services or handlers — no domain entity raises one
ED2 Event/command shape — not scored — deciding whether a command has more than one competing handler requires resolving the call graph, and a call made through an inferred or generic receiver has no resolvable owner in the source. Reported as guidance rather than measured
ED5 Idempotency — no mutating command handlers or message consumers detected — idempotency check not applicable
GD1 Unfinished & placeholder code — no source files were read — this check reads C#, F#, JavaScript/TypeScript, Dart, Ruby and Scala, and none was read for this repository's product. That is a limit of the analyzer, not a finding about your code.
IC1 Incompleteness & stubs — not analysed — these correctness checks read a source model that was not loaded for this repository, because the repository is written in a language this check does not yet model, or because its projects failed to load. This is a gap in the analyzer, not a finding about this repository
P12 CI test-gate honesty — Reported, not scored — and nothing was matched here. The coverage check applies to any stack, and the automatic-re-run check to any GitHub-Actions workflow, but the checks for excluded tests, skipped tests and sleep-based synchronisation currently recognise only some ecosystems' test-runner idioms, so on a repository built with another stack the zeros below mean 'not checked', not 'clean'.
P7 Outbound HTTP resilience — no outbound HTTP usage detected — no HTTP client call or construction in the Python, Rust source (service entry point: src/firecracker/src/api_server_adapter.rs:194 (HttpServer::new())
P8 Schema migrations — no ORM, schema-migration tool or schema auto-create was found in this repository's dependency manifests or source, so there is no database schema for this check to judge
P9 Domain vs controller coverage — no coverage report found on disk — produce a coverage report in a standard format (lcov — `cargo install cargo-llvm-cov`, then `cargo llvm-cov --lcov --output-path lcov.info`) and commit it — a hosted scan measures a clone of the repository, so a report that exists only in a working tree, a CI runner's or your own, never reaches it; the artefact is commonly gitignored, so `git add -f` that one file (or un-ignore its path) and commit it alongside the code it measures, or wire coverage collection into CI, to enable this cross-layer check
PF2 Allocation hygiene — Not applicable: Rust spells out every heap allocation and makes borrowed slices (&[T], &str) its ordinary parameter types, so the allocation-aware style this card rewards elsewhere is the language's baseline rather than a rung to climb.
PF3 Async & latency hygiene — Not applicable: this repository declares no async functions, so there is no asynchronous code for a blocking call to stall.
X10 Duplicated predicate — Advisory — this card reports evidence and never carries a score, so there is nothing missing here.
X16 Unfloored truncation loop — not analysed — these correctness checks read a source model that was not loaded for this repository, because the repository is written in a language this check does not yet model, or because its projects failed to load. This is a gap in the analyzer, not a finding about this repository
X18 Disposal-pattern correctness — not analysed — these correctness checks read a source model that was not loaded for this repository, because the repository is written in a language this check does not yet model, or because its projects failed to load. This is a gap in the analyzer, not a finding about this repository
X2 Cancellation propagation — no C# was loaded; this repository's Python and Rust were read, and no request in it can be cancelled by a caller — a Python request takes no token: asyncio cancels the task and trio or anyio the scope that made it, from outside the call, and requests, httpx, aiohttp and gRPC take a timeout, not a cancellation; a Rust request takes no token: a future is cancelled by dropping it, from outside the call (select!, a timeout, an aborted task), and reqwest, hyper and tonic take none
X20 Mistyped argument guard — This check asks whether an argument guard reports an EMPTY value as a NULL one, which needs a language that throws a null-specific argument exception — .NET's ArgumentNullException, the JVM's NullPointerException, Dart's ArgumentError.notNull. This repository contains none of those languages: the ones it is written in have a single exception for a bad argument, so there is no pair of exceptions to confuse and nothing here for it to assess. Not a gap in the analyzer and not a finding about your code.
X32 Type resolved by simple name across every loaded assembly — This check is about how a .NET program searches the assemblies loaded into its process for a type, and this repository contains no .NET source, so there is nothing here for it to assess. Not a gap in the analyzer and not a finding about your code.
X4 Structured logging — This check asks whether log calls keep a message's values apart from its text, which needs a logger that can carry them as fields. This repository's Rust was read, and it logs through none: the `log` crate's macros take one finished message (as log4net does in C#; its `kv` values are an opt-in its backends mostly drop), `println!`/`eprintln!` are not loggers, or it makes no log call outside its tests and examples at all. Calls through `tracing` (`tracing::info!`, or `info!` imported from it) would be judged.
X5 Nullable reference types — not analysed — these correctness checks read a source model that was not loaded for this repository, because the repository is written in a language this check does not yet model, or because its projects failed to load. This is a gap in the analyzer, not a finding about this repository
X6 Hand-rolled structured-format parsing — Advisory — this card reports evidence and never carries a score, so there is nothing missing here.
X9 Subsumed condition operand — Advisory — this card reports evidence and never carries a score, so there is nothing missing here.

Appendix A — Findings (grouped)

The findings behind the scores, grouped by severity, then by dimension and kind. The high-severity issues are enumerated in full below; items per group are capped at 25 with any overflow stated explicitly per group, never silently truncated. The complete machine-readable list of every finding (all severities) is the companion findings.md in this report's bundle.

Critical — 36 finding(s)

D29 · Static Analysis (SAST) · REDACTED

REDACTED
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D31 · IaC & Container Security · High IaC · ×6

REDACTED
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D29 · Static Analysis (SAST) · REDACTED

REDACTED
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D30 · Dependency Vulnerabilities · High CVE · ×4

REDACTED
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D29 · Static Analysis (SAST) · REDACTED

REDACTED
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D34 · Knowledge Freshness · Orphaned knowledge · ×3

Orphaned knowledge src/utils/src/arg_parser.rs:1 — No living knowledge remains for this large file — its last meaningful change has decayed away, so if it breaks, no one currently understands it. It does carry its own tests, so the behaviour is pinned even though the understanding is gone: schedule a read-through, using those tests as the specification, before the next change lands here.
Orphaned knowledge src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/cache_info.rs:1 — No living knowledge remains for this large file — its last meaningful change has decayed away, so if it breaks, no one currently understands it. It does carry its own tests, so the behaviour is pinned even though the understanding is gone: schedule a read-through, using those tests as the specification, before the next change lands here.
Orphaned knowledge src/vmm/src/io_uring/mod.rs:1 — No living knowledge remains for this large file — its last meaningful change has decayed away, so if it breaks, no one currently understands it. It does carry its own tests, so the behaviour is pinned even though the understanding is gone: schedule a read-through, using those tests as the specification, before the next change lands here.

D28 · Secrets (history) · REDACTED · ×1

REDACTED

D29 · Static Analysis (SAST) · REDACTED · ×1

REDACTED

D29 · Static Analysis (SAST) · REDACTED · ×1

REDACTED

D29 · Static Analysis (SAST) · REDACTED · ×1

REDACTED

D30 · Dependency Vulnerabilities · Critical CVE · ×1

REDACTED

D30 · Dependency Vulnerabilities · Critical vulnerability · ×1

REDACTED

D30 · Dependency Vulnerabilities · High vulnerability · ×1

REDACTED

Serious — 214 finding(s)

D17 · Explicit Debt · TodoComment · ×45

TodoComment tests/integration_tests/functional/test_snapshot_basic.py:213 — # TODO: Multiple microvm sizes must be tested in the async pipeline. — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `# REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment tests/integration_tests/functional/test_topology.py:204 — # TODO:Remove (or adapt) this once we unify the way we expose the CPU cache hierarchy on — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `# REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment tests/framework/artifacts.py:87 — # keep covering it. TODO: remove this once we drop support for MPTable. — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `# REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment tests/framework/static_analysis.py:614 — # TODO: We could also determine "too broad" rules here: If all actual invocations of a syscall specific a parameter, — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `# REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/rpc_interface.rs:304 — // TODO Remove when `EventManager` implements `std::fmt::Debug`. — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/vstate/memory.rs:820 — // TODO: this does not re-apply the region's madvise flags, so it would drop the — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/vstate/vm.rs:782 — // TODO: Once Host 5.10 goes out of support, we can make this more robust and work on — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/pci/configuration.rs:334 — // TODO(dverkamp): Status should be write-1-to-clear — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/mmds/ns.rs:169 — // TODO: We skip verifying the checksum, just in case the device model relies on offloading — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/handler.rs:210 — // TODO: We skip verifying the checksum, just in case the device model relies on offloading — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/mmds/token.rs:59 — // TODO When https://github.com/RustCrypto/AEADs/pull/532 is merged replace these manual
TodoComment src/vmm/src/logger/metrics.rs:247 — // TODO: would a stronger ordering make a difference here? — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/connection.rs:418 — // TODO: The description of this method is also a TODO in disguise. — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/connection.rs:447 — // TODO: return the actual advance value here — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/connection.rs:661 — // TODO: This is another strange (and potentially dangerous) situation, because — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/endpoint.rs:38 — // TODO: Maybe at some point include this in the checks we do when populating the MMDS via the API, — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/handler.rs:390 — // TODO: Maybe get this nicely from packet at some point. — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/tcp.rs:254 — // TODO: To be super strict, we should make sure there aren't additional MSS — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/tcp.rs:358 — // TODO: Check that header_len | 0b11 == 0 and the resulting data_offset is valid? — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/device.rs:228 — /// TODO: decide what Firecracker should do when a reset cannot be — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/queue.rs:1164 — // TODO: can we somehow check that guest memory wasn't touched? — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/vsock/unix/muxer.rs:621 — // TODO: this doesn't seem very space-efficient. — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/mmio.rs:24 — // TODO crosvm uses 0 here, but IIRC virtio specified some other vendor id that should be used — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/mmio.rs:191 — // TODO: decide what Firecracker should do when a reset cannot be completed. — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
TodoComment src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/pci/device.rs:1245 — // TODO: decide what Firecracker should do when a reset cannot be completed. — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
+ 20 more in this group — see findings.md.

D31 · IaC & Container Security · Medium IaC · ×14

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D3 · God Classes · FileTooLong · ×13

FileTooLong: vstate/memory.rs src/vmm/src/vstate/memory.rs — FileTooLong — 841 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted). The bar is 500 significant lines; this is 341 over it, 1.68× the bar. To reduce it, split the file along the responsibilities already in it: move each cohesive group of declarations into its own sibling file in the same module or package, so no one file has to be read whole to change one of them.
FileTooLong: pci/device.rs src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/pci/device.rs — FileTooLong — 784 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted), about 72% of them inside a single declaration: VirtioPciDevice (5 blocks, 270-1261). The bar is 500 significant lines; this is 284 over it, 1.57× the bar. Moving the declarations that sit BESIDE it into sibling files will not shorten this file. Extract from INSIDE that declaration instead: lift each cohesive group of its body — the parts that share the same inputs and are named together — into its own unit in a sibling file, and have the original call them.
FileTooLong: src/aml.rs src/acpi-tables/src/aml.rs — FileTooLong — 754 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted). The bar is 500 significant lines; this is 254 over it, 1.51× the bar. To reduce it, split the file along the responsibilities already in it: move each cohesive group of declarations into its own sibling file in the same module or package, so no one file has to be read whole to change one of them.
FileTooLong: src/rpc_interface.rs src/vmm/src/rpc_interface.rs — FileTooLong — 698 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted). The bar is 500 significant lines; this is 198 over it, 1.40× the bar. To reduce it, split the file along the responsibilities already in it: move each cohesive group of declarations into its own sibling file in the same module or package, so no one file has to be read whole to change one of them.
FileTooLong: balloon/device.rs src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/balloon/device.rs — FileTooLong — 609 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted), about 76% of them inside a single declaration: Balloon (3 blocks, 246-1015). The bar is 500 significant lines; this is 109 over it, 1.22× the bar. Moving the declarations that sit BESIDE it into sibling files will not shorten this file. Extract from INSIDE that declaration instead: lift each cohesive group of its body — the parts that share the same inputs and are named together — into its own unit in a sibling file, and have the original call them.
FileTooLong: net/device.rs src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/net/device.rs — FileTooLong — 592 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted), about 82% of them inside a single declaration: Net (3 blocks, 204-1057). The bar is 500 significant lines; this is 92 over it, 1.18× the bar. Moving the declarations that sit BESIDE it into sibling files will not shorten this file. Extract from INSIDE that declaration instead: lift each cohesive group of its body — the parts that share the same inputs and are named together — into its own unit in a sibling file, and have the original call them.
FileTooLong: virtio/queue.rs src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/queue.rs — FileTooLong — 574 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted). The bar is 500 significant lines; this is 74 over it, 1.15× the bar. To reduce it, split the file along the responsibilities already in it: move each cohesive group of declarations into its own sibling file in the same module or package, so no one file has to be read whole to change one of them.
FileTooLong: device_manager/mod.rs src/vmm/src/device_manager/mod.rs — FileTooLong — 573 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted), about 74% of them inside a single declaration: DeviceManager (3 blocks, 125-871). The bar is 500 significant lines; this is 73 over it, 1.15× the bar. Moving the declarations that sit BESIDE it into sibling files will not shorten this file. Extract from INSIDE that declaration instead: lift each cohesive group of its body — the parts that share the same inputs and are named together — into its own unit in a sibling file, and have the original call them.
FileTooLong: src/builder.rs src/vmm/src/builder.rs — FileTooLong — 569 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted). The bar is 500 significant lines; this is 69 over it, 1.14× the bar. To reduce it, split the file along the responsibilities already in it: move each cohesive group of declarations into its own sibling file in the same module or package, so no one file has to be read whole to change one of them.
FileTooLong: device_manager/pci_mngr.rs src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs — FileTooLong — 547 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted), about 84% of them inside a single declaration: PciDevices (3 blocks, 58-803). The bar is 500 significant lines; this is 47 over it, 1.09× the bar. Moving the declarations that sit BESIDE it into sibling files will not shorten this file. Extract from INSIDE that declaration instead: lift each cohesive group of its body — the parts that share the same inputs and are named together — into its own unit in a sibling file, and have the original call them.
FileTooLong: virtio/device.rs src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/device.rs — FileTooLong — 547 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted). The bar is 500 significant lines; this is 47 over it, 1.09× the bar. To reduce it, split the file along the responsibilities already in it: move each cohesive group of declarations into its own sibling file in the same module or package, so no one file has to be read whole to change one of them.
FileTooLong: logger/metrics.rs src/vmm/src/logger/metrics.rs — FileTooLong — 536 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted). The bar is 500 significant lines; this is 36 over it, 1.07× the bar. To reduce it, split the file along the responsibilities already in it: move each cohesive group of declarations into its own sibling file in the same module or package, so no one file has to be read whole to change one of them.
FileTooLong: src/lib.rs src/vmm/src/lib.rs — FileTooLong — 502 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted), about 71% of them inside a single declaration: Vmm (4 blocks, 302-899). The bar is 500 significant lines; this is 2 over it, 1.00× the bar. Moving the declarations that sit BESIDE it into sibling files will not shorten this file. Extract from INSIDE that declaration instead: lift each cohesive group of its body — the parts that share the same inputs and are named together — into its own unit in a sibling file, and have the original call them.

D3 · God Classes · ClassTooLong · ×7

ClassTooLong: VirtioPciDevice src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/pci/device.rs:270 — ClassTooLong — 561 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted), 23 methods, 5 blocks, lines 270-1261. The bar is 400 significant lines; this is 161 over it, 1.40× the bar. To reduce it, group the members that share the same data into a smaller type of their own and delegate to it, so no single type carries every responsibility.
ClassTooLong: Net src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/net/device.rs:204 — ClassTooLong — 484 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted), 32 methods, 3 blocks, lines 204-1057. The bar is 400 significant lines; this is 84 over it, 1.21× the bar. To reduce it, group the members that share the same data into a smaller type of their own and delegate to it, so no single type carries every responsibility.
ClassTooLong: Balloon src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/balloon/device.rs:246 — ClassTooLong — 461 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted), 37 methods, 3 blocks, lines 246-1015. The bar is 400 significant lines; this is 61 over it, 1.15× the bar. To reduce it, group the members that share the same data into a smaller type of their own and delegate to it, so no single type carries every responsibility.
ClassTooLong: PciDevices src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs:58 — ClassTooLong — 458 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted), 15 methods, 3 blocks, lines 58-803. The bar is 400 significant lines; this is 58 over it, 1.15× the bar. To reduce it, group the members that share the same data into a smaller type of their own and delegate to it, so no single type carries every responsibility.
ClassTooLong: DeviceManager src/vmm/src/device_manager/mod.rs:125 — ClassTooLong — 425 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted), 29 methods, 3 blocks, lines 125-871. The bar is 400 significant lines; this is 25 over it, 1.06× the bar. To reduce it, group the members that share the same data into a smaller type of their own and delegate to it, so no single type carries every responsibility.
ClassTooLong: VirtioMem src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/mem/device.rs:78 — ClassTooLong — 411 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted), 35 methods, 3 blocks, lines 78-748. The bar is 400 significant lines; this is 11 over it, 1.03× the bar. To reduce it, group the members that share the same data into a smaller type of their own and delegate to it, so no single type carries every responsibility.
ClassTooLong: VsockMuxer src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/vsock/unix/muxer.rs:88 — ClassTooLong — 411 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted), 16 methods, 6 blocks, lines 88-874. The bar is 400 significant lines; this is 11 over it, 1.03× the bar. To reduce it, group the members that share the same data into a smaller type of their own and delegate to it, so no single type carries every responsibility.

D3 · God Classes · TooManyMethods · ×7

TooManyMethods: Balloon src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/balloon/device.rs:246 — TooManyMethods — 37 methods, declared across 2 files: balloon/device.rs (34), balloon/event_handler.rs (3). The bar is 30 methods; this is 7 over it, 1.23× the bar. That list is where to read them, not a suggestion to split the file: the members belong to the type wherever they are declared, so moving them between files leaves the count unchanged. To reduce it, group the members that share the same data into a smaller type of their own and delegate to it, so no single type carries every responsibility.
TooManyMethods: KvmVm src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/vm.rs:32 — TooManyMethods — 36 methods, declared across 2 files: vstate/vm.rs (29), aarch64/vm.rs (7). The bar is 30 methods; this is 6 over it, 1.20× the bar. That list is where to read them, not a suggestion to split the file: the members belong to the type wherever they are declared, so moving them between files leaves the count unchanged. To reduce it, group the members that share the same data into a smaller type of their own and delegate to it, so no single type carries every responsibility.
TooManyMethods: Connection src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/connection.rs:165 — TooManyMethods — 36 methods. The bar is 30 methods; this is 6 over it, 1.20× the bar. To reduce it, group the members that share the same data into a smaller type of their own and delegate to it, so no single type carries every responsibility.
TooManyMethods: VirtioMem src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/mem/device.rs:78 — TooManyMethods — 35 methods, declared across 2 files: mem/device.rs (32), mem/event_handler.rs (3). The bar is 30 methods; this is 5 over it, 1.17× the bar. That list is where to read them, not a suggestion to split the file: the members belong to the type wherever they are declared, so moving them between files leaves the count unchanged. To reduce it, group the members that share the same data into a smaller type of their own and delegate to it, so no single type carries every responsibility.
TooManyMethods: Net src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/net/device.rs:204 — TooManyMethods — 32 methods, declared across 2 files: net/device.rs (29), net/event_handler.rs (3). The bar is 30 methods; this is 2 over it, 1.07× the bar. That list is where to read them, not a suggestion to split the file: the members belong to the type wherever they are declared, so moving them between files leaves the count unchanged. To reduce it, group the members that share the same data into a smaller type of their own and delegate to it, so no single type carries every responsibility.
TooManyMethods: TcpSegment src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/tcp.rs:101 — TooManyMethods — 32 methods. The bar is 30 methods; this is 2 over it, 1.07× the bar. To reduce it, group the members that share the same data into a smaller type of their own and delegate to it, so no single type carries every responsibility.
TooManyMethods: IPv4Packet src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ipv4.rs:61 — TooManyMethods — 31 methods. The bar is 30 methods; this is 1 over it, 1.03× the bar. To reduce it, group the members that share the same data into a smaller type of their own and delegate to it, so no single type carries every responsibility.

D35 · Change Coupling · Change coupling · ×7

Change coupling: completion.rs ↔ submission.rs src/vmm/src/io_uring/queue/completion.rs:1 — `src/vmm/src/io_uring/queue/completion.rs` and `src/vmm/src/io_uring/queue/submission.rs` change together 75% of the time (9 of the 12 commits that touched whichever of the two files changed less often, counting a file under its earlier names as well — a repo-wide or module-wide sweep is evidence about the sweep rather than about any pair inside it and is left out of BOTH sides of this ratio, while a dependency bump, a formatter/rename sweep, or a commit whose edit to one of the two files was a tool directive such as //go:generate or whitespace only is left out of the shared count ONLY, so the two sides are not taken over identical commit sets) with no explicit dependency between them. They sit in the same directory, but in this ecosystem each file is its own module — a sibling reference still needs an import — so the missing import edge is real: the coupling runs through shared behaviour, not a declared dependency. If they duplicate structure, extract the common part into one unit; otherwise the coupling is hidden and worth breaking. You can check this without leaving the row: of the 9 shared commits counted here, the most recent 3 are `81cacbfd` refactor: rename vmm::io_uring::bindings to vmm::io_uring::gen; `40bddefd` refactor: use slab for user_data instead of box; `5dd22ddc` chore: update to vm-memory 0.13.1 — run `git show` on any of them.
Change coupling: mod.rs ↔ mod.rs src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv2/mod.rs:1 — `src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv2/mod.rs` and `src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv3/mod.rs` change together 73% of the time (8 of the 11 commits that touched whichever of the two files changed less often, counting a file under its earlier names as well — a repo-wide or module-wide sweep is evidence about the sweep rather than about any pair inside it and is left out of BOTH sides of this ratio, while a dependency bump, a formatter/rename sweep, or a commit whose edit to one of the two files was a tool directive such as //go:generate or whitespace only is left out of the shared count ONLY, so the two sides are not taken over identical commit sets) with no explicit dependency — the edge is real but nothing declares it. Read the pair before acting: if one registers itself into the other through a hook or an initialiser, the missing dependency is DELIBERATE — the registration is the link, and it is meant not to be an import — and the thing to add is a comment on each side naming the other, not a merge; if they simply belong together, co-locate them; if neither holds, the coupling is hidden and worth breaking. You can check this without leaving the row: of the 8 shared commits counted here, the most recent 3 are `05d87d76` fix(msi): allocate GSI for MSI and "legacy IRQ" from different ranges; `3b943af0` arm: support MSI-X on ARM; `7c623e89` arch: define 64-bit capable MMIO memory regions — run `git show` on any of them.
Change coupling: dist_regs.rs ↔ redist_regs.rs src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv3/regs/dist_regs.rs:1 — `src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv3/regs/dist_regs.rs` and `src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv3/regs/redist_regs.rs` change together 71% of the time (12 of the 17 commits that touched whichever of the two files changed less often, counting a file under its earlier names as well — a repo-wide or module-wide sweep is evidence about the sweep rather than about any pair inside it and is left out of BOTH sides of this ratio, while a dependency bump, a formatter/rename sweep, or a commit whose edit to one of the two files was a tool directive such as //go:generate or whitespace only is left out of the shared count ONLY, so the two sides are not taken over identical commit sets) with no explicit dependency between them. They sit in the same directory, but in this ecosystem each file is its own module — a sibling reference still needs an import — so the missing import edge is real: the coupling runs through shared behaviour, not a declared dependency. If they duplicate structure, extract the common part into one unit; otherwise the coupling is hidden and worth breaking. You can check this without leaving the row: of the 12 shared commits counted here, the most recent 3 are `f735be33` fix: do not double close file descriptors in unittests; `9b13f0fe` snapshot: serialize VmState and VcpuState; `4b3da39a` GIC: create GIC of arbitrary version (at that commit the files were still `src/arch/src/aarch64/gic/gicv3/regs/dist_regs.rs` and `src/arch/src/aarch64/gic/gicv3/regs/redist_regs.rs`) — run `git show` on any of them.
Change coupling: mod.rs ↔ mmio.rs src/vmm/src/acpi/mod.rs:1 — `src/vmm/src/acpi/mod.rs` and `src/vmm/src/device_manager/mmio.rs` change together 55% of the time (11 of the 20 commits that touched whichever of the two files changed less often, counting a file under its earlier names as well — a repo-wide or module-wide sweep is evidence about the sweep rather than about any pair inside it and is left out of BOTH sides of this ratio, while a dependency bump, a formatter/rename sweep, or a commit whose edit to one of the two files was a tool directive such as //go:generate or whitespace only is left out of the shared count ONLY, so the two sides are not taken over identical commit sets) with no explicit dependency — the edge is real but nothing declares it. Read the pair before acting: if one registers itself into the other through a hook or an initialiser, the missing dependency is DELIBERATE — the registration is the link, and it is meant not to be an import — and the thing to add is a comment on each side naming the other, not a merge; if they simply belong together, co-locate them; if neither holds, the coupling is hidden and worth breaking. You can check this without leaving the row: of the 11 shared commits counted here, the most recent 3 are `bb3fed4e` device_manager: introduce VirtioDevices enum; `c5d46c97` device_manager: rename MMIODeviceManager to MMIOVirtioDevices; `1fb56dcc` vmm: move kvm field from Vmm into KvmVm — run `git show` on any of them.
Change coupling: builder.rs ↔ mod.rs src/vmm/src/builder.rs:1 — `src/vmm/src/builder.rs` and `src/vmm/src/cpu_config/aarch64/mod.rs` change together 54% of the time (7 of the 13 commits that touched whichever of the two files changed less often, counting a file under its earlier names as well — a repo-wide or module-wide sweep is evidence about the sweep rather than about any pair inside it and is left out of BOTH sides of this ratio, while a dependency bump, a formatter/rename sweep, or a commit whose edit to one of the two files was a tool directive such as //go:generate or whitespace only is left out of the shared count ONLY, so the two sides are not taken over identical commit sets) with no explicit dependency — the edge is real but nothing declares it. Read the pair before acting: if one registers itself into the other through a hook or an initialiser, the missing dependency is DELIBERATE — the registration is the link, and it is meant not to be an import — and the thing to add is a comment on each side naming the other, not a merge; if they simply belong together, co-locate them; if neither holds, the coupling is hidden and worth breaking. You can check this without leaving the row: of the 7 shared commits counted here, the most recent 3 are `0f3e8b39` chore: move `vmm::vstate` code under `vmm::arch`; `72ac94b2` feat(aarch64): ability to work with wide registers; `aef7c2d5` refactor(vmm): 2-step CpuConfiguration build for aarch64 (at that commit the file was still `src/vmm/src/guest_config/aarch64/mod.rs`) — run `git show` on any of them.
Change coupling: persist.rs ↔ persist.rs src/vmm/src/mmds/persist.rs:1 — `src/vmm/src/mmds/persist.rs` and `src/vmm/src/persist.rs` change together 53% of the time (8 of the 15 commits that touched whichever of the two files changed less often, counting a file under its earlier names as well — a repo-wide or module-wide sweep is evidence about the sweep rather than about any pair inside it and is left out of BOTH sides of this ratio, while a dependency bump, a formatter/rename sweep, or a commit whose edit to one of the two files was a tool directive such as //go:generate or whitespace only is left out of the shared count ONLY, so the two sides are not taken over identical commit sets) with no explicit dependency — the edge is real but nothing declares it. Read the pair before acting: if one registers itself into the other through a hook or an initialiser, the missing dependency is DELIBERATE — the registration is the link, and it is meant not to be an import — and the thing to add is a comment on each side naming the other, not a merge; if they simply belong together, co-locate them; if neither holds, the coupling is hidden and worth breaking. You can check this without leaving the row: of the 8 shared commits counted here, the most recent 3 are `feb4bc16` fix: use temporary buffer for loading vmstate file; `e7504aeb` refactor: cleanup vmm::snapshot module; `588c7f05` snapshot: Remove max_connections and max_pending_resets fields — run `git show` on any of them.
Change coupling: rpc_interface.rs ↔ mod.rs src/vmm/src/rpc_interface.rs:1 — `src/vmm/src/rpc_interface.rs` and `src/vmm/src/test_utils/mock_resources/mod.rs` change together 50% of the time (6 of the 12 commits that touched whichever of the two files changed less often, counting a file under its earlier names as well — a repo-wide or module-wide sweep is evidence about the sweep rather than about any pair inside it and is left out of BOTH sides of this ratio, while a dependency bump, a formatter/rename sweep, or a commit whose edit to one of the two files was a tool directive such as //go:generate or whitespace only is left out of the shared count ONLY, so the two sides are not taken over identical commit sets) with no explicit dependency — the edge is real but nothing declares it. Read the pair before acting: if one registers itself into the other through a hook or an initialiser, the missing dependency is DELIBERATE — the registration is the link, and it is meant not to be an import — and the thing to add is a comment on each side naming the other, not a merge; if they simply belong together, co-locate them; if neither holds, the coupling is hidden and worth breaking. You can check this without leaving the row: of the 6 shared commits counted here, the most recent 3 are `3793b994` refactor: Get rid of `VmConfig`; `71957d6c` refactor: updated VmConfig and VmConfigBuilder (at that commit the file was still `src/vmm/src/utilities/mock_resources/mod.rs`); `59a545f1` Add PUT /cpu-config API (at that commit the file was still `src/vmm/src/utilities/mock_resources/mod.rs`) — run `git show` on any of them.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (9 lines × 2) · ×7

Duplicated block (9 lines × 2) src/acpi-tables/src/aml.rs:610 — src/acpi-tables/src/aml.rs:610-619 | src/acpi-tables/src/aml.rs:640-648 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.
Duplicated block (9 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/fdt.rs:153 — src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/fdt.rs:153-161 | src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/fdt.rs:203-211 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.
Duplicated block (9 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs:765 — src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs:765-773 | src/vmm/src/device_manager/persist.rs:643-651 — before extracting anything, compare `src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs` and `src/vmm/src/device_manager/persist.rs` as WHOLE FILES: this scan already matched 6 separate duplicated blocks between them, totalling at least 79 lines, which is the signature of one file having been copied from the other rather than of a helper waiting to be extracted. If that is what happened, the fix is to keep one copy and have the other call it (or delete it), which resolves this row and its siblings together — extracting one helper per block leaves the fork in place.
Duplicated block (9 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/io/async_io.rs:131 — src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/io/async_io.rs:131-139 | src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/io/async_io.rs:165-173 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.
Duplicated block (9 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/iovec.rs:1136 — src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/iovec.rs:1136-1144 | src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/iovec.rs:1182-1190 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.
Duplicated block (9 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/pci/device.rs:1112 — src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/pci/device.rs:1112-1120 | src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/pci/device.rs:1171-1179 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.
Duplicated block (9 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/vstate/vm.rs:290 — src/vmm/src/vstate/vm.rs:290-298 | src/vmm/src/vstate/vm.rs:312-320 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (12 lines × 2) · ×5

Duplicated block (12 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/arch/x86_64/mptable.rs:251 — src/vmm/src/arch/x86_64/mptable.rs:251-262 | src/vmm/src/arch/x86_64/mptable.rs:268-279 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.
Duplicated block (12 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs:717 — src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs:717-728 | src/vmm/src/device_manager/persist.rs:591-602 — before extracting anything, compare `src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs` and `src/vmm/src/device_manager/persist.rs` as WHOLE FILES: this scan already matched 6 separate duplicated blocks between them, totalling at least 79 lines, which is the signature of one file having been copied from the other rather than of a helper waiting to be extracted. If that is what happened, the fix is to keep one copy and have the other call it (or delete it), which resolves this row and its siblings together — extracting one helper per block leaves the fork in place.
Duplicated block (12 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv2/mod.rs:170 — src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv2/mod.rs:170-181 | src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv3/mod.rs:219-230 — the copies span different directories, so extracting a shared function means choosing where it lives: put it somewhere both call sites can already reach — a location they all depend on today, or a new shared one if there is none — and call it from each site; until then, every change has to be made twice.
Duplicated block (12 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/net/device.rs:395 — src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/net/device.rs:395-406 | src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/rng/device.rs:102-113 — the copies span different directories, so extracting a shared function means choosing where it lives: put it somewhere both call sites can already reach — a location they all depend on today, or a new shared one if there is none — and call it from each site; until then, every change has to be made twice.
Duplicated block (12 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/pci/device.rs:1095 — src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/pci/device.rs:1095-1106 | src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/pci/device.rs:1154-1165 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.

D3 · God Classes · MethodTooLong · ×4

MethodTooLong: MMIOVirtioDevices.restore src/vmm/src/device_manager/persist.rs:426 — MethodTooLong — restore runs 189 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted) in one body. The bar is 100 significant lines; this is 89 over it, 1.89× the bar. This is length, not branching: a long straight-line body scores low on complexity and is still read whole to change any part of it, so the complexity numbers beside this row neither confirm nor excuse it. To reduce it, extract each cohesive step of the body — the runs of statements that work on the same values and would earn the same name — into its own named unit, and have this one call them in order.
MethodTooLong: PciDevices.restore src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs:585 — MethodTooLong — restore runs 162 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted) in one body. The bar is 100 significant lines; this is 62 over it, 1.62× the bar. This is length, not branching: a long straight-line body scores low on complexity and is still read whole to change any part of it, so the complexity numbers beside this row neither confirm nor excuse it. To reduce it, extract each cohesive step of the body — the runs of statements that work on the same values and would earn the same name — into its own named unit, and have this one call them in order.
MethodTooLong: RuntimeApiController.handle_request src/vmm/src/rpc_interface.rs:702 — MethodTooLong — handle_request runs 154 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted) in one body. The bar is 100 significant lines; this is 54 over it, 1.54× the bar. This is length, not branching: a long straight-line body scores low on complexity and is still read whole to change any part of it, so the complexity numbers beside this row neither confirm nor excuse it. To reduce it, extract each cohesive step of the body — the runs of statements that work on the same values and would earn the same name — into its own named unit, and have this one call them in order.
MethodTooLong: PciDevices.save src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs:438 — MethodTooLong — save runs 106 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted) in one body. The bar is 100 significant lines; this is 6 over it, 1.06× the bar. This is length, not branching: a long straight-line body scores low on complexity and is still read whole to change any part of it, so the complexity numbers beside this row neither confirm nor excuse it. To reduce it, extract each cohesive step of the body — the runs of statements that work on the same values and would earn the same name — into its own named unit, and have this one call them in order.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (10 lines × 2) · ×4

Duplicated block (10 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv2/regs/dist_regs.rs:65 — src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv2/regs/dist_regs.rs:65-74 | src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv3/regs/dist_regs.rs:67-76 — the copies span different directories, so extracting a shared function means choosing where it lives: put it somewhere both call sites can already reach — a location they all depend on today, or a new shared one if there is none — and call it from each site; until then, every change has to be made twice.
Duplicated block (10 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs:604 — src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs:604-613 | src/vmm/src/device_manager/persist.rs:479-488 — before extracting anything, compare `src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs` and `src/vmm/src/device_manager/persist.rs` as WHOLE FILES: this scan already matched 6 separate duplicated blocks between them, totalling at least 79 lines, which is the signature of one file having been copied from the other rather than of a helper waiting to be extracted. If that is what happened, the fix is to keep one copy and have the other call it (or delete it), which resolves this row and its siblings together — extracting one helper per block leaves the fork in place.
Duplicated block (10 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs:624 — src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs:624-633 | src/vmm/src/device_manager/persist.rs:501-510 — before extracting anything, compare `src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs` and `src/vmm/src/device_manager/persist.rs` as WHOLE FILES: this scan already matched 6 separate duplicated blocks between them, totalling at least 79 lines, which is the signature of one file having been copied from the other rather than of a helper waiting to be extracted. If that is what happened, the fix is to keep one copy and have the other call it (or delete it), which resolves this row and its siblings together — extracting one helper per block leaves the fork in place.
Duplicated block (10 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/device_manager/persist.rs:62 — src/vmm/src/device_manager/persist.rs:62-71 | src/vmm/src/device_manager/persist.rs:79-88 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.

D5 · Coupling · Off the main sequence · ×4

Off the main sequence: seccompiler — seccompiler: abstractness 0.00, instability 0.00, distance 1.00 — zone of pain — concrete and depended on by 1 project(s), so it's rigid to change.
Off the main sequence: acpi_tables — acpi_tables: abstractness 0.03, instability 0.00, distance 0.97 — zone of pain — concrete and depended on by 1 project(s), so it's rigid to change.
Off the main sequence: log-instrument — log-instrument: abstractness 0.00, instability 0.13, distance 0.88 — zone of pain — concrete and depended on by 7 project(s), so it's rigid to change.
Off the main sequence: utils — utils: abstractness 0.00, instability 0.17, distance 0.83 — zone of pain — concrete and depended on by 5 project(s), so it's rigid to change.

D17 · Explicit Debt · FixmeComment · ×3

FixmeComment src/vmm/src/rpc_interface.rs:916 — // FIXME: we're losing the bool saying whether metrics were actually written. — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
FixmeComment src/vmm/src/vmm_config/machine_config.rs:125 — // FIXME: once support for static CPU templates is removed, this field can be dropped altogether — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.
FixmeComment src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/pmem/device.rs:139 — // FIXME: The KVM slot number itself is not returned. This is not an — source code is not a task system: move the work to your tracker and leave a reference instead (e.g. `// REF: #123`), so the task is planned where tasks live and the ticket links back to the code.

D3 · God Classes · FunctionTooLong · ×3

FunctionTooLong: firecracker::main_exec src/firecracker/src/main.rs:121 — FunctionTooLong — firecracker::main_exec runs 244 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted) in one body. The bar is 100 significant lines; this is 144 over it, 2.44× the bar. This is length, not branching: a long straight-line body scores low on complexity and is still read whole to change any part of it, so the complexity numbers beside this row neither confirm nor excuse it. To reduce it, extract each cohesive step of the body — the runs of statements that work on the same values and would earn the same name — into its own named unit, and have this one call them in order.
FunctionTooLong: vmm::builder::build_microvm_for_boot src/vmm/src/builder.rs:143 — FunctionTooLong — vmm::builder::build_microvm_for_boot runs 172 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted) in one body. The bar is 100 significant lines; this is 72 over it, 1.72× the bar. This is length, not branching: a long straight-line body scores low on complexity and is still read whole to change any part of it, so the complexity numbers beside this row neither confirm nor excuse it. To reduce it, extract each cohesive step of the body — the runs of statements that work on the same values and would earn the same name — into its own named unit, and have this one call them in order.
FunctionTooLong: vmm::arch::x86_64::mptable::setup_mptable src/vmm/src/arch/x86_64/mptable.rs:116 — FunctionTooLong — vmm::arch::x86_64::mptable::setup_mptable runs 147 significant lines (blank, comment-only and punctuation-only lines excluded, and inline test code — #[cfg(test)] modules and bare #[test] functions — not counted) in one body. The bar is 100 significant lines; this is 47 over it, 1.47× the bar. This is length, not branching: a long straight-line body scores low on complexity and is still read whole to change any part of it, so the complexity numbers beside this row neither confirm nor excuse it. To reduce it, extract each cohesive step of the body — the runs of statements that work on the same values and would earn the same name — into its own named unit, and have this one call them in order.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (7 lines × 2) · ×3

Duplicated block (7 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/mmio.rs:298 — src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/mmio.rs:298-304 | src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/pci/common_config.rs:371-377 — the copies span different directories, so extracting a shared function means choosing where it lives: put it somewhere both call sites can already reach — a location they all depend on today, or a new shared one if there is none — and call it from each site; until then, every change has to be made twice.
Duplicated block (7 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/gdb/target.rs:287 — src/vmm/src/gdb/target.rs:287-293 | src/vmm/src/gdb/target.rs:316-322 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.
Duplicated block (7 lines × 2) src/cpu-template-helper/src/utils/aarch64.rs:26 — src/cpu-template-helper/src/utils/aarch64.rs:26-32 | src/cpu-template-helper/src/utils/x86_64.rs:112-118 — the copies sit in sibling files of one directory, so a shared home is within easy reach: extract the block into a single shared function the call sites can all reach — a file they already depend on, or a new one alongside them — and call it from both call sites, so a change lands once.

D1 · Cyclomatic Complexity · Connection · ×2

Connection::receive_segment (cyclomatic 38) src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/connection.rs:523 — Connection::receive_segment has cyclomatic complexity 38 (threshold 15). To reduce it, separate the cases: extract each independent branch into its own named function, and where the body has guards that only reject input, fold those into early returns at the top. This file is where this pass's cyclomatic complexity CONCENTRATES: src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/connection.rs holds 2 of the 12 functions over the threshold — including the worst — and 36 of the 56 points over it (64%), 6× the next-largest file (src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/mmio.rs at 6). No single row can show this, because each is measured only against the threshold: reducing this one file moves this dimension further than any other file in the repository.
Connection::write_next_segment (cyclomatic 28) src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/connection.rs:813 — Connection::write_next_segment has cyclomatic complexity 28 (threshold 15). To reduce it, separate the cases: extract each independent branch into its own named function, and where the body has guards that only reject input, fold those into early returns at the top. This file is where this pass's cyclomatic complexity CONCENTRATES: src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/connection.rs holds 2 of the 12 functions over the threshold — including the worst — and 36 of the 56 points over it (64%), 6× the next-largest file (src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/mmio.rs at 6). No single row can show this, because each is measured only against the threshold: reducing this one file moves this dimension further than any other file in the repository.

D1 · Cyclomatic Complexity · MmioTransport · ×2

MmioTransport::write (cyclomatic 20) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/mmio.rs:297 — MmioTransport::write has cyclomatic complexity 20 (threshold 15). To reduce it, keep the dispatch but shrink the arms: move each non-trivial case body into its own named function (or onto the value being matched) so the dispatch reads one line per case, and group related cases into a sub-dispatch. Where every arm is uniform — the same kind of value, with no behaviour of its own — a table keyed by the case is the shorter form; wherever the arms carry different data or different behaviour, keep them as cases, because collapsing those trades an explicit, reviewable set of cases for nothing.
MmioTransport::read (cyclomatic 16) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/mmio.rs:235 — MmioTransport::read has cyclomatic complexity 16 (threshold 15). To reduce it, keep the dispatch but shrink the arms: move each non-trivial case body into its own named function (or onto the value being matched) so the dispatch reads one line per case, and group related cases into a sub-dispatch. Where every arm is uniform — the same kind of value, with no behaviour of its own — a table keyed by the case is the shorter form; wherever the arms carry different data or different behaviour, keep them as cases, because collapsing those trades an explicit, reviewable set of cases for nothing.

D17 · Explicit Debt · HackComment · ×2

HackComment tools/test-popular-containers/test-docker-rootfs.py:15 — # Hack to be able to import testing framework functions. — a workaround marked in source: record what it is compensating for and what would allow its removal (the upstream fix, the API it is waiting on, the invariant it restores), so the next reader can judge whether it is still needed rather than rediscovering why it is there.
HackComment src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/endpoint.rs:558 — // Hack: have to artificially increase t.mss to create this segment which is 2k+. — a workaround marked in source: record what it is compensating for and what would allow its removal (the upstream fix, the API it is waiting on, the invariant it restores), so the next reader can judge whether it is still needed rather than rediscovering why it is there.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · Connection · ×2

Connection::receive_segment (cognitive 72) src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/connection.rs:523 — Connection::receive_segment has cognitive complexity 72 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 36 (64 pts), boolean chains 8 (nesting depth added 28). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body. This file is where this pass's cognitive complexity CONCENTRATES: src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/connection.rs holds 2 of the 29 functions over the threshold — including the worst — and 91 of the 281 points over it (32%), 3.5× the next-largest file (src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/balloon/device.rs at 26). No single row can show this, because each is measured only against the threshold: reducing this one file moves this dimension further than any other file in the repository.
Connection::write_next_segment (cognitive 49) src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/connection.rs:813 — Connection::write_next_segment has cognitive complexity 49 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 22 (41 pts), boolean chains 6, match/switch 1 (2 pts) (nesting depth added 20). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body. This file is where this pass's cognitive complexity CONCENTRATES: src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/connection.rs holds 2 of the 29 functions over the threshold — including the worst — and 91 of the 281 points over it (32%), 3.5× the next-largest file (src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/balloon/device.rs at 26). No single row can show this, because each is measured only against the threshold: reducing this one file moves this dimension further than any other file in the repository.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · Balloon · ×2

Balloon::process_free_page_hinting_queue (cognitive 31) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/balloon/device.rs:538 — Balloon::process_free_page_hinting_queue has cognitive complexity 31 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 10 (26 pts), loops 2 (3 pts), boolean chains 2 (nesting depth added 17). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.
Balloon::process_inflate (cognitive 25) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/balloon/device.rs:376 — Balloon::process_inflate has cognitive complexity 25 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 5 (15 pts), loops 4 (9 pts), boolean chains 1 (nesting depth added 15). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · vmm · ×2

vmm::arch::aarch64::fdt::create_cpu_nodes (cognitive 30) src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/fdt.rs:122 — vmm::arch::aarch64::fdt::create_cpu_nodes has cognitive complexity 30 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 11 (24 pts), loops 3 (5 pts), boolean chains 1 (nesting depth added 15). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.
vmm::vstate::vcpu::handle_kvm_exit (cognitive 22) src/vmm/src/vstate/vcpu.rs:430 — vmm::vstate::vcpu::handle_kvm_exit has cognitive complexity 22 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 4 (14 pts), match/switch 4 (8 pts) (nesting depth added 14). The drivers above price the dispatch low by construction — a dispatch is charged once however many cases it lists, while each branch inside an arm is charged in full — so most of this count is what the case bodies hold, and the arms are where it can be reduced. To reduce it, keep the dispatch but shrink the arms: move each non-trivial case body into its own named function (or onto the value being matched) so the dispatch reads one line per case, and group related cases into a sub-dispatch. Keep every case explicit, and make the behaviour for cases you do not list a deliberate choice rather than an accident.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · Vmm · ×2

Vmm::process (cognitive 25) src/vmm/src/lib.rs:835 — Vmm::process has cognitive complexity 25 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 5 (15 pts), loops 2 (7 pts), boolean chains 2, match/switch 1 (nesting depth added 15). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.
Vmm::full_config (cognitive 22) src/vmm/src/lib.rs:349 — Vmm::full_config has cognitive complexity 22 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 9 (21 pts), match/switch 1 (nesting depth added 12). The drivers above price the dispatch low by construction — a dispatch is charged once however many cases it lists, while each branch inside an arm is charged in full — so most of this count is what the case bodies hold, and the arms are where it can be reduced. To reduce it, keep the dispatch but shrink the arms: move each non-trivial case body into its own named function (or onto the value being matched) so the dispatch reads one line per case, and group related cases into a sub-dispatch. Keep every case explicit, and make the behaviour for cases you do not list a deliberate choice rather than an accident.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · Env · ×2

Env::new (cognitive 20) src/jailer/src/env.rs:159 — Env::new has cognitive complexity 20 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 8 (13 pts), boolean chains 4, loops 1 (2 pts), match/switch 1 (nesting depth added 6). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.
Env::run (cognitive 16) src/jailer/src/env.rs:646 — Env::run has cognitive complexity 16 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 12 (16 pts) (nesting depth added 4). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · VsockConnection · ×2

VsockConnection::send_pkt (cognitive 19) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/vsock/csm/connection.rs:297 — VsockConnection::send_pkt has cognitive complexity 19 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 7 (14 pts), boolean chains 4, match/switch 1 (nesting depth added 7). The drivers above price the dispatch low by construction — a dispatch is charged once however many cases it lists, while each branch inside an arm is charged in full — so most of this count is what the case bodies hold, and the arms are where it can be reduced. To reduce it, keep the dispatch but shrink the arms: move each non-trivial case body into its own named function (or onto the value being matched) so the dispatch reads one line per case, and group related cases into a sub-dispatch. Keep every case explicit, and make the behaviour for cases you do not list a deliberate choice rather than an accident.
VsockConnection::recv_pkt (cognitive 16) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/vsock/csm/connection.rs:163 — VsockConnection::recv_pkt has cognitive complexity 16 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 8 (11 pts), match/switch 2 (4 pts), boolean chains 1 (nesting depth added 5). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (20 lines × 2) · ×2

Duplicated block (20 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/iovec.rs:187 — src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/iovec.rs:187-206 | src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/iovec.rs:518-537 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.
Duplicated block (20 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/snapshot/mod.rs:86 — src/vmm/src/snapshot/mod.rs:86-105 | src/vmm/src/snapshot/mod.rs:182-201 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (16 lines × 2) · ×2

Duplicated block (16 lines × 2) src/cpu-template-helper/src/main.rs:125 — src/cpu-template-helper/src/main.rs:125-140 | src/cpu-template-helper/src/main.rs:175-190 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.
Duplicated block (16 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/pci/bus.rs:452 — src/vmm/src/pci/bus.rs:452-467 | src/vmm/src/pci/bus.rs:473-488 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (11 lines × 3) · ×2

Duplicated block (11 lines × 3) src/acpi-tables/src/aml.rs:184 — src/acpi-tables/src/aml.rs:184-194 | src/acpi-tables/src/aml.rs:642-652 | src/acpi-tables/src/aml.rs:685-695 — all 3 copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from every one of those sites — resolving only two of them leaves the rest to drift apart the first time one is edited.
Duplicated block (11 lines × 3) src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:310 — src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:310-320 | src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:339-349 | src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:383-393 — all 3 copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from every one of those sites — resolving only two of them leaves the rest to drift apart the first time one is edited.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (6 lines × 2) · ×2

Duplicated block (6 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/io/mod.rs:95 — src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/io/mod.rs:95-100 | src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/io/mod.rs:121-126 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.
Duplicated block (6 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv2/regs/dist_regs.rs:96 — src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv2/regs/dist_regs.rs:96-101 | src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv3/regs/dist_regs.rs:98-103 — the copies span different directories, so extracting a shared function means choosing where it lives: put it somewhere both call sites can already reach — a location they all depend on today, or a new shared one if there is none — and call it from each site; until then, every change has to be made twice.

D6 · Cohesion (LCOM4) · Low cohesion · ×2

Low cohesion: Argument (LCOM4 4) src/utils/src/arg_parser.rs:110 — Argument's methods fall into 4 groups that share no field and call none of each other, against a bar of more than 3 for this run (LCOM4, configurable — your repository's bar is the one quoted here). Each group is a set of methods reachable from one another through shared fields or direct calls, so 4 groups means the type has that many internally-connected clusters with nothing tying them together. Types whose shape makes a high count expected — and which would otherwise dominate this list — are excluded before this row is raised, so this is a genuine split candidate rather than a metric reading. It is still a shape, not a defect: confirm the groups match responsibilities you can name before splitting.
Low cohesion: VmResources (LCOM4 4) src/vmm/src/resources.rs:108 — VmResources's methods fall into 4 groups that share no field and call none of each other, against a bar of more than 3 for this run (LCOM4, configurable — your repository's bar is the one quoted here). Each group is a set of methods reachable from one another through shared fields or direct calls, so 4 groups means the type has that many internally-connected clusters with nothing tying them together. Types whose shape makes a high count expected — and which would otherwise dominate this list — are excluded before this row is raised, so this is a genuine split candidate rather than a metric reading. It is still a shape, not a defect: confirm the groups match responsibilities you can name before splitting.

C2 · Access Controls · No authorization · ×1

No authorization src/firecracker/src/api_server_adapter.rs:194 — This repository serves requests — a server (HttpServer::new) (src/firecracker/src/api_server_adapter.rs:194) — and no route guard, auth-gate middleware, global guard or imperative check that refuses a caller (401/403, an Unauthorized/Forbidden error) was found: its endpoints may be unprotected.

D1 · Cyclomatic Complexity · Request · ×1

Request::parse (cyclomatic 18) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/request.rs:269 — Request::parse has cyclomatic complexity 18 (threshold 15). To reduce it, separate the cases: extract each independent branch into its own named function, and where the body has guards that only reject input, fold those into early returns at the top.

D1 · Cyclomatic Complexity · Endpoint · ×1

Endpoint::receive_segment (cyclomatic 18) src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/endpoint.rs:133 — Endpoint::receive_segment has cyclomatic complexity 18 (threshold 15). To reduce it, separate the cases: extract each independent branch into its own named function, and where the body has guards that only reject input, fold those into early returns at the top.

D1 · Cyclomatic Complexity · seccompiler · ×1

seccompiler::compile_bpf (cyclomatic 17) src/seccompiler/src/lib.rs:51 — seccompiler::compile_bpf has cyclomatic complexity 17 (threshold 15). To reduce it, separate the cases: extract each independent branch into its own named function, and where the body has guards that only reject input, fold those into early returns at the top.

D1 · Cyclomatic Complexity · VsockConnection · ×1

VsockConnection::send_pkt (cyclomatic 17) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/vsock/csm/connection.rs:297 — VsockConnection::send_pkt has cyclomatic complexity 17 (threshold 15). To reduce it, separate the cases: extract each independent branch into its own named function, and where the body has guards that only reject input, fold those into early returns at the top.

D1 · Cyclomatic Complexity · Vmm · ×1

Vmm::full_config (cyclomatic 16) src/vmm/src/lib.rs:349 — Vmm::full_config has cyclomatic complexity 16 (threshold 15). To reduce it, separate the cases: extract each independent branch into its own named function, and where the body has guards that only reject input, fold those into early returns at the top.

D1 · Cyclomatic Complexity · MsixConfig · ×1

MsixConfig::write_table (cyclomatic 16) src/vmm/src/pci/msix.rs:309 — MsixConfig::write_table has cyclomatic complexity 16 (threshold 15). To reduce it, keep the dispatch but shrink the arms: move each non-trivial case body into its own named function (or onto the value being matched) so the dispatch reads one line per case, and group related cases into a sub-dispatch. Where every arm is uniform — the same kind of value, with no behaviour of its own — a table keyed by the case is the shorter form; wherever the arms carry different data or different behaviour, keep them as cases, because collapsing those trades an explicit, reviewable set of cases for nothing.

D1 · Cyclomatic Complexity · VmResources · ×1

VmResources::from_json (cyclomatic 16) src/vmm/src/resources.rs:156 — VmResources::from_json has cyclomatic complexity 16 (threshold 15). To reduce it, split the body: these branches sit side by side rather than nested inside one another, so extracting each one on its own would leave a function per branch. Group the statements between the checks into named steps and move each step into its own function, so the body reads as a short sequence of named stages.

D1 · Cyclomatic Complexity · vmm · ×1

vmm::arch::aarch64::fdt::create_cpu_nodes (cyclomatic 16) src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/fdt.rs:122 — vmm::arch::aarch64::fdt::create_cpu_nodes has cyclomatic complexity 16 (threshold 15). To reduce it, separate the cases: extract each independent branch into its own named function, and where the body has guards that only reject input, fold those into early returns at the top.

D15 · Churn × Complexity Hotspots · Hotspot · ×1

Hotspot: src/vmm/src/rpc_interface.rs src/vmm/src/rpc_interface.rs:440 — src/vmm/src/rpc_interface.rs changed 7 times in last 90 days, and the most complex body those changes touched has cyclomatic complexity 25 in PrebootApiController::handle_preboot_request at line 440. Frequent change and high complexity in one file compound: schedule the next change to it to include carving out the part being edited, with the area under test before it moves. Counted over 2026-07-25..2026-10-23, the 90 days ending at the analysed commit. Reproduce with `git log --since='2026-07-25 09:49:01 +00:00' --until='2026-10-23 09:49:01 +00:00' --full-history --no-merges -- src/vmm/src/rpc_interface.rs`: merges are excluded because a merge re-states changes already counted at their own commits, and history is NOT path-simplified because a change that reached the file through a merged branch is still a change to it. That command counts raw commits and can read HIGHER than this row, which counts a cherry-picked re-land, and a revert together with the commit it undoes, once each — a difference of several commits on a file whose history was re-landed or reverted inside the window.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · seccompiler · ×1

seccompiler::compile_bpf (cognitive 38) src/seccompiler/src/lib.rs:51 — seccompiler::compile_bpf has cognitive complexity 38 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 14 (32 pts), loops 3 (5 pts), boolean chains 1 (nesting depth added 20). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · Endpoint · ×1

Endpoint::receive_segment (cognitive 30) src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/endpoint.rs:133 — Endpoint::receive_segment has cognitive complexity 30 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 13 (23 pts), boolean chains 3, loops 1 (3 pts), match/switch 1 (nesting depth added 12). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · ab_plot.create_table (cognitive 29) · ×1

ab_plot.create_table (cognitive 29) tools/ab_plot.py:113 — ab_plot.create_table has cognitive complexity 29 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: loops 8 (21 pts), if/else 2 (8 pts) (nesting depth added 19). To reduce it, break up the iteration: give each loop body a named function, and split a multi-phase loop into one function per phase so no single body carries the whole pipeline.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · GuestMemorySlot · ×1

GuestMemorySlot::dump_dirty (cognitive 27) src/vmm/src/vstate/memory.rs:446 — GuestMemorySlot::dump_dirty has cognitive complexity 27 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 10 (23 pts), loops 2 (3 pts), boolean chains 1 (nesting depth added 14). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · ab_plot.create_pdf (cognitive 25) · ×1

ab_plot.create_pdf (cognitive 25) tools/ab_plot.py:191 — ab_plot.create_pdf has cognitive complexity 25 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 5 (18 pts), loops 3 (6 pts), boolean chains 1 (nesting depth added 16). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · MmioTransport · ×1

MmioTransport::set_device_status (cognitive 21) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/mmio.rs:165 — MmioTransport::set_device_status has cognitive complexity 21 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 11 (20 pts), boolean chains 1 (nesting depth added 9). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · VsockMuxer · ×1

VsockMuxer::apply_conn_mutation (cognitive 21) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/vsock/unix/muxer.rs:732 — VsockMuxer::apply_conn_mutation has cognitive complexity 21 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 8 (15 pts), boolean chains 3, match/switch 1 (3 pts) (nesting depth added 9). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · TcpIPv4Handler · ×1

TcpIPv4Handler::receive_packet (cognitive 21) src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/handler.rs:205 — TcpIPv4Handler::receive_packet has cognitive complexity 21 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 12 (18 pts), match/switch 2 (3 pts) (nesting depth added 7). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · MsixConfig · ×1

MsixConfig::set_msg_ctl (cognitive 21) src/vmm/src/pci/msix.rs:204 — MsixConfig::set_msg_ctl has cognitive complexity 21 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 7 (14 pts), boolean chains 5, loops 1 (2 pts) (nesting depth added 8). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · Request · ×1

Request::parse (cognitive 20) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/request.rs:269 — Request::parse has cognitive complexity 20 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 11 (15 pts), boolean chains 4, match/switch 1 (nesting depth added 4). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · Arguments · ×1

Arguments::validate_requirements (cognitive 17) src/utils/src/arg_parser.rs:360 — Arguments::validate_requirements has cognitive complexity 17 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 4 (11 pts), loops 2 (4 pts), boolean chains 2 (nesting depth added 9). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · IoVecBuffer · ×1

IoVecBuffer::read_volatile_at (cognitive 17) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/iovec.rs:178 — IoVecBuffer::read_volatile_at has cognitive complexity 17 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 4 (9 pts), match/switch 2 (5 pts), loops 2 (3 pts) (nesting depth added 9). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body. This shape REPEATS in the file: one other method here (IoVecBufferMut::write_volatile_at) has the same decision points, in the same order, at the same nesting depths — so this is one pattern written twice rather than two separate problems. Splitting this body alone leaves the other exactly as it is. Where these are variations on one operation, the change that clears both is the shared one: lift the common shape into a single routine the variants call, parameterised by whatever genuinely differs between them, and keep in each method only the part that is not shared.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · IoVecBufferMut · ×1

IoVecBufferMut::write_volatile_at (cognitive 17) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/iovec.rs:508 — IoVecBufferMut::write_volatile_at has cognitive complexity 17 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 4 (9 pts), match/switch 2 (5 pts), loops 2 (3 pts) (nesting depth added 9). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body. This shape REPEATS in the file: one other method here (IoVecBuffer::read_volatile_at) has the same decision points, in the same order, at the same nesting depths — so this is one pattern written twice rather than two separate problems. Splitting this body alone leaves the other exactly as it is. Where these are variations on one operation, the change that clears both is the shared one: lift the common shape into a single routine the variants call, parameterised by whatever genuinely differs between them, and keep in each method only the part that is not shared.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · BKPipeline._chunk_steps (cognitive 17) · ×1

BKPipeline._chunk_steps (cognitive 17) REDACTED:440 — BKPipeline._chunk_steps has cognitive complexity 17 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 5 (11 pts), loops 2 (4 pts), boolean chains 2 (nesting depth added 8). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · cpu_template_helper · ×1

cpu_template_helper::template::strip::strip_common (cognitive 16) src/cpu-template-helper/src/template/strip/mod.rs:27 — cpu_template_helper::template::strip::strip_common has cognitive complexity 16 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 4 (7 pts), loops 4 (6 pts), match/switch 1 (3 pts) (nesting depth added 7). To reduce it, split the body into named stages: move each independent step or branch into its own named function so the body reads as a short sequence of named calls rather than one long body.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · VirtioBlock · ×1

VirtioBlock::new (cognitive 16) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/device.rs:425 — VirtioBlock::new has cognitive complexity 16 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 10 (13 pts), boolean chains 3 (nesting depth added 3). To reduce it, split the body: most of this score is breadth rather than depth — checks laid out side by side rather than stacked — so group the statements between the checks into named steps and move each step into its own function. Some of it IS depth: where a check sits inside another whose only job is to reach it, merge the two into one condition, and where an else follows a branch that already returns, drop the trailing else and let the rest of the body continue at one level.

D2 · Cognitive Complexity · VmResources · ×1

VmResources::from_json (cognitive 16) src/vmm/src/resources.rs:156 — VmResources::from_json has cognitive complexity 16 (threshold 15). Drivers by points: if/else 11, loops 3, match/switch 1 (2 pts) (nesting depth added 1). To reduce it, split the body: this score is breadth rather than depth — many checks laid out side by side rather than nested inside one another, so inverting conditions into early returns has nothing left to flatten. Group the statements between the checks into named steps and move each step into its own function, so the body reads as a short sequence of named stages.

D29 · Static Analysis (SAST) · REDACTED · ×1

REDACTED

D29 · Static Analysis (SAST) · REDACTED · ×1

REDACTED

D3 · God Classes · TooManyFields · ×1

TooManyFields: Fadt src/acpi-tables/src/fadt.rs:46 — TooManyFields — 56 stored fields beside 5 methods. The bar is 30 stored fields; this is 26 over it, 1.87× the bar. This is width in DATA, not behaviour: every reader that takes the whole type couples to all of its fields, so a change to any one of them is a change every reader has to be checked against. To reduce it, group the fields that are read together by the same callers into a smaller type of their own, and have this one hold that type as a single member — each reader then names only the group it uses.

D30 · Dependency Vulnerabilities · Medium CVE · ×1

REDACTED

D36 · Supply-chain Provenance & Signing · REDACTED · ×1

REDACTED

D36 · Supply-chain Provenance & Signing · REDACTED · ×1

REDACTED

D36 · Supply-chain Provenance & Signing · REDACTED · ×1

REDACTED

D4 · Code Duplication · Near-duplicate member pair (76 shared lines) · ×1

Near-duplicate member pair (76 shared lines) src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs:588 — src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs:588-802 | src/vmm/src/device_manager/persist.rs:429-665 — These two members are variants of one another: 76 of their lines are already reported as duplicated blocks below, spread through both bodies rather than gathered into one. Read them as a single construct written twice. The repair is at the members' grain — factor the shared pipeline into one implementation the two call with their differences as parameters or as an injected step, or, where the difference is systematic (sync against async, one transport against another), generate one from the other. Extracting the individual blocks below is not the same fix: it leaves the two bodies in place and the next edit still has to be made twice.

D4 · Code Duplication · Edited copy of a member (20 corresponding lines) · ×1

Edited copy of a member (20 corresponding lines) src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:480 — src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:480-505 | src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:509-544 — These two members are one piece of code written twice and then edited apart: 20 consecutive lines correspond almost exactly, broken only by small local edits. Most of that correspondence is NOT reported as duplicated blocks below — the edits cut it into fragments and only the largest of them clear the block floor, so the rows below understate it. The repair is at the members' grain — factor the shared implementation into one the two call with their differences as parameters or as an injected step, or, where the difference is systematic (an extra return value, one transport against another), generate one from the other. Left alone, the next edit has to be made twice and the two will drift further apart.

D4 · Code Duplication · Members sharing a duplicated core (4 members, 50+ identical tokens) · ×1

Members sharing a duplicated core (4 members, 50+ identical tokens) src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:295 — src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:295-321 | src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:324-350 | src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:353-394 | src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:397-417 — These 4 members share a duplicated core: a run of at least 50 identical tokens appears in every one of them. That run is NOT broken out as duplicated-block rows below — it is what admitted this row, and the blocks below cover only the part of it that clears the block floor, so they understate the correspondence. Read the members as one construct written 4 times. The repair is at the members' grain — factor the shared implementation out once and have all of them call it with their differences as parameters or as an injected step, or, where the difference is systematic, generate them from one template. Extracting the individual blocks below is not the same fix: it leaves every body in place and the next edit still has to be made 4 times.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (23 lines × 2) · ×1

Duplicated block (23 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/cpu_config/x86_64/cpuid/amd/mod.rs:38 — src/vmm/src/cpu_config/x86_64/cpuid/amd/mod.rs:38-60 | src/vmm/src/cpu_config/x86_64/cpuid/intel/mod.rs:40-62 — the copies span different directories, so extracting a shared function means choosing where it lives: put it somewhere both call sites can already reach — a location they all depend on today, or a new shared one if there is none — and call it from each site; until then, every change has to be made twice.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (22 lines × 2) · ×1

Duplicated block (22 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv2/mod.rs:140 — src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv2/mod.rs:140-161 | src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv3/mod.rs:189-210 — the copies span different directories, so extracting a shared function means choosing where it lives: put it somewhere both call sites can already reach — a location they all depend on today, or a new shared one if there is none — and call it from each site; until then, every change has to be made twice.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (18–21 lines × 2) · ×1

Duplicated block (18–21 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs:662 — src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs:662-679 | src/vmm/src/device_manager/persist.rs:529-549 — before extracting anything, compare `src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs` and `src/vmm/src/device_manager/persist.rs` as WHOLE FILES: this scan already matched 6 separate duplicated blocks between them, totalling at least 79 lines, which is the signature of one file having been copied from the other rather than of a helper waiting to be extracted. If that is what happened, the fix is to keep one copy and have the other call it (or delete it), which resolves this row and its siblings together — extracting one helper per block leaves the fork in place.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (21 lines × 2) · ×1

Duplicated block (21 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/gdb/target.rs:423 — src/vmm/src/gdb/target.rs:423-443 | src/vmm/src/gdb/target.rs:463-483 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (16–19 lines × 2) · ×1

Duplicated block (16–19 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/pci/bus.rs:224 — src/vmm/src/pci/bus.rs:224-242 | src/vmm/src/pci/bus.rs:357-372 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (18 lines × 2) · ×1

Duplicated block (18 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:482 — src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:482-499 | src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:511-528 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (17 lines × 2) · ×1

Duplicated block (17 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs:690 — src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs:690-706 | src/vmm/src/device_manager/persist.rs:562-578 — before extracting anything, compare `src/vmm/src/device_manager/pci_mngr.rs` and `src/vmm/src/device_manager/persist.rs` as WHOLE FILES: this scan already matched 6 separate duplicated blocks between them, totalling at least 79 lines, which is the signature of one file having been copied from the other rather than of a helper waiting to be extracted. If that is what happened, the fix is to keep one copy and have the other call it (or delete it), which resolves this row and its siblings together — extracting one helper per block leaves the fork in place.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (14–15 lines × 3) · ×1

Duplicated block (14–15 lines × 3) src/vmm/src/device_manager/mmio.rs:430 — src/vmm/src/device_manager/mmio.rs:430-444 | src/vmm/src/device_manager/mmio.rs:487-500 | src/vmm/src/device_manager/mmio.rs:533-546 — all 3 copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from every one of those sites — resolving only two of them leaves the rest to drift apart the first time one is edited.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (15 lines × 3) · ×1

Duplicated block (15 lines × 3) src/vmm/src/cpu_config/x86_64/cpuid/mod.rs:172 — src/vmm/src/cpu_config/x86_64/cpuid/mod.rs:172-186 | src/vmm/src/cpu_config/x86_64/cpuid/mod.rs:203-217 | src/vmm/src/cpu_config/x86_64/cpuid/mod.rs:218-245 — all 3 copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from every one of those sites — resolving only two of them leaves the rest to drift apart the first time one is edited.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (11–15 lines × 2) · ×1

Duplicated block (11–15 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/pci/configuration.rs:331 — src/vmm/src/pci/configuration.rs:331-341 | src/vmm/src/pci/configuration.rs:359-373 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (14 lines × 3) · ×1

Duplicated block (14 lines × 3) src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:455 — src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:455-468 | src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:485-498 | src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:514-527 — all 3 copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from every one of those sites — resolving only two of them leaves the rest to drift apart the first time one is edited.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (13 lines × 2) · ×1

Duplicated block (13 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/device.rs:815 — src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/device.rs:815-827 | src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/net/device.rs:996-1008 — the copies span different directories, so extracting a shared function means choosing where it lives: put it somewhere both call sites can already reach — a location they all depend on today, or a new shared one if there is none — and call it from each site; until then, every change has to be made twice.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (10 lines × 3) · ×1

Duplicated block (10 lines × 3) src/acpi-tables/src/aml.rs:484 — src/acpi-tables/src/aml.rs:484-493 | src/acpi-tables/src/aml.rs:502-511 | src/acpi-tables/src/aml.rs:520-529 — all 3 copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from every one of those sites — resolving only two of them leaves the rest to drift apart the first time one is edited.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (7–10 lines × 2) · ×1

Duplicated block (7–10 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/pci/bus.rs:270 — src/vmm/src/pci/bus.rs:270-279 | src/vmm/src/pci/bus.rs:390-396 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (8 lines × 3) · ×1

Duplicated block (8 lines × 3) src/vmm/src/device_manager/mmio.rs:410 — src/vmm/src/device_manager/mmio.rs:410-417 | src/vmm/src/device_manager/mmio.rs:473-480 | src/vmm/src/device_manager/mmio.rs:513-520 — all 3 copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from every one of those sites — resolving only two of them leaves the rest to drift apart the first time one is edited.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (8 lines × 2) · ×1

Duplicated block (8 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/arch/x86_64/mptable.rs:242 — src/vmm/src/arch/x86_64/mptable.rs:242-249 | src/vmm/src/arch/x86_64/mptable.rs:259-266 — both copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from each site — the copies drift apart the first time only one of them is edited.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (7 lines × 3) · ×1

Duplicated block (7 lines × 3) src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:300 — src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:300-306 | src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:329-335 | src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:358-364 — all 3 copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from every one of those sites — resolving only two of them leaves the rest to drift apart the first time one is edited.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (6 lines × 4) · ×1

Duplicated block (6 lines × 4) src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:297 — src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:297-302 | src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:326-331 | src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:355-360 | src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:399-404 — all 4 copies are in the same file, so extract the block into one function there and call it from every one of those sites — resolving only two of them leaves the rest to drift apart the first time one is edited.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (69 lines × 3) · ×1

Duplicated block (69 lines × 3) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/generated/virtio_mem.rs:142 — src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/generated/virtio_mem.rs:142-210 | src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/net/generated/iff.rs:319-471 | src/vmm/src/io_uring/generated.rs:24-1196 — the copies span different directories, so extracting a shared function means choosing where it lives: put it somewhere all 3 call sites can already reach — a location they all depend on today, or a new shared one if there is none — and call it from each site; until then, every change has to be made 3 times.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (153 lines × 2) · ×1

Duplicated block (153 lines × 2) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/net/generated/iff.rs:319 — src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/net/generated/iff.rs:319-471 | src/vmm/src/io_uring/generated.rs:24-1196 — the copies span different directories, so extracting a shared function means choosing where it lives: put it somewhere both call sites can already reach — a location they all depend on today, or a new shared one if there is none — and call it from each site; until then, every change has to be made twice.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (9 lines × 3) · ×1

Duplicated block (9 lines × 3) src/jailer/src/main.rs:315 — src/jailer/src/main.rs:315-323 | src/rebase-snap/src/main.rs:116-124 | src/snapshot-editor/src/main.rs:59-67 — the copies span different directories, so extracting a shared function means choosing where it lives: put it somewhere all 3 call sites can already reach — a location they all depend on today, or a new shared one if there is none — and call it from each site; until then, every change has to be made 3 times.

D4 · Code Duplication · Duplicated block (10 lines × 4) · ×1

Duplicated block (10 lines × 4) src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/metrics.rs:103 — src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/metrics.rs:103-112 | src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/net/metrics.rs:101-110 | src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/pmem/metrics.rs:103-112 | src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/vhost_user_metrics.rs:98-107 — the copies span different directories, so extracting a shared function means choosing where it lives: put it somewhere all 4 call sites can already reach — a location they all depend on today, or a new shared one if there is none — and call it from each site; until then, every change has to be made 4 times.

D44 · Platform End-of-Life · End-of-life runtime · ×1

End-of-life runtime: Rust 1.97 rust-toolchain.toml:1 — rust-toolchain.toml declares Rust 1.97 as this project's toolchain file, and Rust 1.97, superseded by 1.98 on 2026-08-20 (the Rust project patches only the current stable). An unsupported runtime receives no security patches, so every vulnerability disclosed in it since 2026-08-20 is present and unfixable without moving off it. This is a migration rather than an upgrade: there is no newer release of a runtime that has ended.

Minor — 61 finding(s)

D34 · Knowledge Freshness · Orphaned file · ×44

Orphaned file src/vmm/src/devices/legacy/i8042.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/arp.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/metrics.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/rebase-snap/src/main.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/bytes.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv3/mod.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/vhost_user_metrics.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/jailer/src/resource_limits.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv3/regs/icc_regs.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/firecracker/src/seccomp.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/vmm_config/vsock.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/io_uring/queue/submission.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/vsock/metrics.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv3/regs/dist_regs.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/firecracker/src/api_server/request/mmds.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv2/mod.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/devices/legacy/rtc_pl031.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/mod.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv2/regs/dist_regs.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/acpi-tables/src/fadt.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/vsock/unix/muxer_killq.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/arch/x86_64/gdt.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
Orphaned file src/vmm/src/cpu_config/x86_64/test_utils.rs:1 — No one still active in this repository holds living knowledge of this file: everyone who made a meaningful change to it has gone quiet, or what the current team did to it (moves, reformatting, log-level or import edits, renames) never needed understanding it. If it breaks, no one currently understands it. Attach the read to the next change that touches it: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for.
+ 19 more in this group — see findings.md.

D16 · Bus Factor · Off-boarding risk · ×2

Off-boarding risk: anonymized user #1 — If anonymized user #1 becomes unavailable, 7 significant file(s) lose their only recent owner: src/vmm/src/mmds/mod.rs, src/vmm/src/cpu_config/x86_64/cpuid/normalize.rs, src/vmm/src/cpu_config/x86_64/static_cpu_templates/t2s.rs, src/vmm/src/arch/x86_64/xstate.rs, tools/gh_release.py, src/vmm/src/mmds/token_headers.rs, src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/transport/pci/mod.rs. Pair on, review, or document these before any departure.
Off-boarding risk: anonymized user #2 — If anonymized user #2 becomes unavailable, 4 significant file(s) lose their only recent owner: src/vmm/src/dumbo/tcp/endpoint.rs, src/cpu-template-helper/src/utils/x86_64.rs, src/seccompiler/src/bindings.rs, src/vmm/src/vmm_config/pmem.rs. Pair on, review, or document these before any departure.

D16 · Bus Factor · Further sole-owners (lower concentration) · ×1

Further sole-owners (lower concentration) — 6 other contributor(s) are each the sole owner of a small amount of code below the off-boarding threshold — folded into the bus-factor score and metrics (18 single-owned of 255 analysed files in total, counted over production source files of roughly 2,400 bytes or more, excluding vendored, generated, example/demo and scaffolding-template trees and test files identified by path convention, largest first; 255 of the 318 production source files in this repository met that bar). They are anonymized user #3 (2 file(s)), anonymized user #4 (1 file(s)), anonymized user #5 (1 file(s)), anonymized user #6 (1 file(s)), anonymized user #7 (1 file(s)), anonymized user #8 (1 file(s)) — spread or document their files in the same way, at lower priority than the named off-boarding risks above. The files folded here: src/vmm/src/initrd.rs, src/cpu-template-helper/src/fingerprint/dump.rs, src/firecracker/src/api_server/request/balloon.rs, src/snapshot-editor/src/edit_vmstate.rs, src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/mem/metrics.rs, src/firecracker/src/api_server/request/metrics.rs, src/firecracker/src/api_server/request/hotplug/mod.rs.

D20 · ADR Quality · No ADRs found · ×1

No ADRs found — No ADRs found. No recognised ADR directory (`docs/adr/`, `docs/decisions/`, `adr/`, `docs/rfcs/`, an `ADR0001/` folder, or their siblings) exists anywhere in this tree. What was searched, so you can tell an empty log from a search that missed one: every directory under the tree (build output, dependencies and VCS metadata excepted), for a document that is either any non-index page inside a recognised ADR directory, whatever its name and however deeply nested (`docs/adr/use-postgres.md`, `docs/adr/2024/0001-x.md`); or a file anywhere whose name is ADR-shaped (`0001-use-postgres.md`, `adr-012-caching.md`); or, when neither turned anything up, a document carrying the decision-record signature (an "Architecture Decision Record" heading, or Status / Context / Decision / Consequences as section headings). A decision log that clears none of these — unnumbered files outside any recognised directory, without those headings — is not seen by this check and this row is then wrong. If that is your case, say so rather than renaming anything; otherwise, consider recording architectural decisions in `docs/adr/`.

D26 · Project Cohesion · Projects may be oversized for their cohesion · ×1

Projects may be oversized for their cohesion — 1 of 13 project(s) overshoot their size bounds, lowering Project Cohesion to 8.5/10. The most over is `src/vmm` (94768 LoC, 785 module-visible types across 61 directories). Review these for cohesion — draw the boundary inside the module first (group each responsibility into its own package or directory and keep the cross-boundary members non-public), since splitting a published package moves types between packages and breaks consumers.

D28 · Secrets (history) · Rotate the exposed credentials · ×1

REDACTED

D31 · IaC & Container Security · Low IaC · ×1

REDACTED

D34 · Knowledge Freshness · Further orphaned files (smaller) · ×1

Further orphaned files (smaller) — 44 smaller file(s) also have no living knowledge — folded into the freshness score and metrics rather than raised one row each — most significant first: src/vmm/src/devices/legacy/i8042.rs, src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/ethernet.rs, src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/arp.rs, src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/block/virtio/metrics.rs, src/rebase-snap/src/main.rs, src/vmm/src/dumbo/pdu/bytes.rs, src/vmm/src/arch/aarch64/gic/gicv3/mod.rs, src/vmm/src/devices/virtio/vhost_user_metrics.rs (and 36 more) (47 orphaned of 255 analysed files in total, counted over production source files of roughly 2,400 bytes or more, excluding vendored, generated, example/demo and scaffolding-template trees and test files identified by path convention, largest first; 255 of the 318 production source files in this repository met that bar). Attach the read to the next change that touches one of them: have a second person review that change, and leave behind a short comment or test recording what the file is for, so the knowledge comes back at the cost of a change you were making anyway.

D36 · Supply-chain Provenance & Signing · REDACTED · ×1

REDACTED

D36 · Supply-chain Provenance & Signing · REDACTED · ×1

REDACTED

D36 · Supply-chain Provenance & Signing · REDACTED · ×1

REDACTED

M2 · Architecture documentation · No ADRs · ×1

No ADRs — No Architecture Decision Records found — no conventional ADR directory, no numbered `NNNN-title` documents in any markup this check reads, and nothing ADR-shaped by content. Design rationale recorded elsewhere (a design-notes tree, a mailing list, pull-request discussion) is not visible to this check and is not re-findable per decision, so a future maintainer cannot ask why one choice was made and get an answer.

P10 · Library API & versioning · Large public API surface · ×1

Large public API surface — 619/843 types (73%) declared in the published library are public. For a library, every public type is a stability contract — keep implementation types off the surface and expose only the intended API.

P2 · Observability · Logging is not universal · ×1

Logging is not universal — Only 6/10 runnable modules use logging (modules with no entry point or server are excluded — they are libraries a runnable module hosts). Silent: `src/jailer`, `src/rebase-snap`, `src/seccompiler`, `src/snapshot-editor`.

S1 · Web-Security Posture · No app-layer HTTPS enforcement detected · ×1

No app-layer HTTPS enforcement detected — This repository starts an HTTP server and nothing in its Rust source or committed `Rocket.toml` secures the transport: no TLS served (actix-web `bind_rustls`/`bind_openssl`, axum-server `bind_rustls` with a `RustlsConfig`, tonic `ServerTlsConfig`, a `TlsAcceptor`, Rocket's `[default.tls]`), no `Strict-Transport-Security` header, no `X-Forwarded-Proto` read from a TLS-terminating proxy — so its traffic may cross the network in clear text. (−2.0 on this card.) The server: `HttpServer::new(` (src/firecracker/src/api_server_adapter.rs:194).

S1 · Web-Security Posture · No security response headers detected · ×1

No security response headers detected — None of the 11 security response headers the OWASP Secure Headers Project recommends (Content-Security-Policy, Strict-Transport-Security, X-Content-Type-Options, X-Frame-Options, …) is set on a response this repository's Rust server sends — defense in depth, even when a proxy could set them. (−2.0 on this card.) The server: `HttpServer::new(` (src/firecracker/src/api_server_adapter.rs:194).

X7 · Silent fallback defaults · Silent fallback default in catch · ×1

Silent fallback default in catch tests/framework/properties.py:135 — `_detect_environment` swallows every exception into `return 'local'` — a data error becomes a silent behavior change with no trail. Log the failure or let it raise. If that constant is the correct answer rather than a stand-in for a value that could not be read, say so in a comment on the handler or in the docstring, and the row stops firing.

Minor — 7 finding(s)

D12 · Dependency Hygiene · Outdated · ×7

Outdated: aws-lc-rs — `aws-lc-rs` is locked at 1.18.1 but 1.18.2 is the current stable release on crates.io, and it already satisfies the `"1.17.0"` requirement declared in src/vmm/Cargo.toml — so the lockfile is behind this repository's own declared range. Run `cargo update -p aws-lc-rs` and commit the updated Cargo.lock.
Outdated: kvm-bindings — `kvm-bindings` is locked at 0.14.1 but 0.14.2 is the current stable release on crates.io, and it already satisfies the `"0.14.0"` requirement declared in src/vmm/Cargo.toml — so the lockfile is behind this repository's own declared range. Run `cargo update -p kvm-bindings` and commit the updated Cargo.lock.
Outdated: kvm-ioctls — `kvm-ioctls` is locked at 0.25.0 but 0.25.1 is the current stable release on crates.io, and it already satisfies the `"0.25.0"` requirement declared in src/vmm/Cargo.toml — so the lockfile is behind this repository's own declared range. Run `cargo update -p kvm-ioctls` and commit the updated Cargo.lock.
Outdated: libc — `libc` is locked at 0.2.190 but 0.2.191 is the current stable release on crates.io, and it already satisfies the `"0.2.186"` requirement declared in src/cpu-template-helper/Cargo.toml — so the lockfile is behind this repository's own declared range. Run `cargo update -p libc` and commit the updated Cargo.lock.
Outdated: serde_json — `serde_json` is locked at 1.0.152 but 1.0.154 is the current stable release on crates.io, and it already satisfies the `"1.0.150"` requirement declared in src/cpu-template-helper/Cargo.toml — so the lockfile is behind this repository's own declared range. Run `cargo update -p serde_json` and commit the updated Cargo.lock.
Outdated: syn — `syn` is locked at 3.0.7 but 3.0.9 is the current stable release on crates.io, and it already satisfies the `"3.0.2"` requirement declared in src/clippy-tracing/Cargo.toml — so the lockfile is behind this repository's own declared range. Run `cargo update -p syn` and commit the updated Cargo.lock.
Outdated: zerocopy — `zerocopy` is locked at 0.8.62 but 0.8.63 is the current stable release on crates.io, and it already satisfies the `"0.8.50"` requirement declared in src/acpi-tables/Cargo.toml — so the lockfile is behind this repository's own declared range. Run `cargo update -p zerocopy` and commit the updated Cargo.lock.

Appendix B — Reproduction & audit trail

Every external tool invocation behind a deep-scan dimension — the tool, its captured version, the exact command, how many findings it yielded, and a link to the retained raw output. To reproduce any finding: check out the same commit and run the command shown (repo-relative — never an absolute scratch path). The complete raw scanner output is retained verbatim under artifacts/raw/ (indexed in artifacts/raw/index.json); per-invocation exit codes and wall-clock durations are in sidecar.json — kept out of this table so the rendered report stays byte-identical across runs of the same commit.

Dimension	Tool	Version	Command	Findings	Raw output
D28 · Secrets (history)	gitleaks	—	gitleaks detect --no-banner --config /opt/gitleaks-rules/watchdog-gitleaks.toml --report-format json --report-path /tmp/watchdog-gitleaks-979a4dfe29964aadbfa829a19563f87f/history.json --exit-code 0 --source .	2	artifacts/raw/gitleaks-history.json
D28 · Secrets (history)	gitleaks	—	gitleaks detect --no-git --no-banner --config /opt/gitleaks-rules/watchdog-gitleaks.toml --report-format json --report-path /tmp/watchdog-gitleaks-979a4dfe29964aadbfa829a19563f87f/tree.json --exit-code 0 --source .	1	artifacts/raw/gitleaks-tree.json
D29 · Static Analysis (SAST)	semgrep	—	semgrep --config /opt/semgrep-rules/security-audit.yml --config /opt/semgrep-rules/owasp-top-ten.yml --config /opt/semgrep-rules/watchdog-sast.yml --json --quiet --timeout 10 --timeout-threshold 3 --metrics off --exclude .arrow --exclude .avro --exclude .csv --exclude .dat --exclude .db --exclude .feather --exclude .geojson --exclude .h5 --exclude .hdf5 --exclude .jsonl --exclude .log --exclude .ndjson --exclude .npy --exclude .npz --exclude .orc --exclude .parquet --exclude .pickle --exclude .pkl --exclude .psv --exclude .sqlite --exclude .sqlite3 --exclude .tfrecord --exclude .tsv --exclude .txt .	21	artifacts/raw/semgrep.json
D30 · Dependency Vulnerabilities	osv-scanner	—	osv-scanner --format json --recursive --experimental-disable-plugins transitivedependency/requirements --experimental-disable-plugins dotnet/csproj --experimental-disable-plugins dotnet/nugetcpm .	8	artifacts/raw/osv-scanner.json
D31 · IaC & Container Security	trivy	—	trivy config --format json --quiet .	21	artifacts/raw/trivy-config.json
D32 · Data Compliance (PII/GDPR)	semgrep	—	semgrep: not applicable — No personal data was found crossing a boundary the PII/GDPR ruleset checks — nothing written to a log or console sink, placed in a URL or query string, or persisted to browser storage. That is a clean result for the LEAK surface only: this ruleset detects personal data escaping, it does not inventory the personal data a repository holds, so it is not evidence that this repository has no personal-data surface. The personal-data map (Appendix C) and the C1-C5 compliance cards are what speak to that.	0	—
D40 · Network Egress Confinement	runtime-hardening	—	runtime-hardening: not applicable — No Kubernetes/orchestration workloads found in the repository manifests; network egress policy is a cluster-native control that may live at the platform/firewall layer, so there is nothing to assess here.	0	—
D41 · Kernel & Syscall Confinement	runtime-hardening	—	runtime-hardening: not applicable — No Kubernetes/orchestration workloads found in the repository manifests; seccomp/AppArmor/SELinux confinement is a workload-level control, so there is nothing to assess here.	0	—
D42 · Runtime Threat Enforcement	runtime-hardening	—	runtime-hardening: not applicable — No Kubernetes/orchestration workloads found in the repository manifests; runtime threat-detection and admission-control policy are cluster-level controls, so there is nothing to assess here.	0	—
D43 · Malicious Dependencies	osv-scanner	—	osv-scanner --format json --recursive --experimental-disable-plugins transitivedependency/requirements --experimental-disable-plugins dotnet/csproj --experimental-disable-plugins dotnet/nugetcpm .	0	artifacts/raw/osv-scanner.json

Run 01a17513-d30c-7550-b4c1-148a955046e2 · every finding is also locatable in findings.md, and the complete scoring record (with exit codes + durations) in sidecar.json.

Findings by how serious they are

This survey was produced by

Executive summary

Top priorities

Diagnosis: what the measurements show together

Architecture — module dependency graph

Architecture: which parts of the code depend on which

At a glance — Code Health · 94% · Exemplary ·

At a glance — Architecture · 96% · Exemplary ·

At a glance — Maturity · 78% · Strong ·

At a glance — Readiness · 73% · Strong ·

At a glance — Security · 34% · Weak · gated by D29, D36, C2 ·

At a glance — Event Sourcing · 100% · Exemplary ·

At a glance — Performance · 85% · Strong ·

Security & Compliance — OWASP Top-10 mapping

Roadmap

File quality

How the grades work

Methodology & how to trust this report

Tools & methods

Run transparency — what happened this run

Limitations & what we did not check

Per-dimension blind spots

Dimensions

Frontend & cross-cutting dimensions

Reference — by lens

Appendix A — Findings (grouped)

Appendix B — Reproduction & audit trail

Downloadable artifacts